Words similar to tnf-alpha
Example sentences for: tnf-alpha
How can you use “tnf-alpha” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
LPS stimulation of macrophages is known to involve the activation of protein phosphorylation by kinases as well as the activation of nuclear transcription factors such as NF-kappaB [ 10 11 12 13 ] . The activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by diacylglycerol is also a key event in LPS macrophage activation [ 8 ] . In vitro experiments have shown that the secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta by LPS-stimulated monocytes is dependent upon PKC activation [ 13 14 ] . In this study, we also determined if phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) activation of PKC also enhanced CEES toxicity.
Evidence suggests that LPS [ 15 16 ] as well as TNF-alpha [ 17 ] stimulate the production of free radicals by macrophages.
LPS from Gram-negative bacteria binds to CD14 and initiates a complex signal transduction pathway involving the Toll receptor family, which eventually results in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
Cultured monocytes exposed to CEES show a transient increase in TNF-alpha [ 18 ] . Similarly, cultured normal human keratinocytes exposed to CEES show a transient increase in both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta [ 19 20 ] . In contrast to the results of Arroyo et al.
This is especially relevant to the design of subunit vaccines for malaria and schistosomiasis where high titers of high affinity antibodies are usually the best defence against invading organisms [ 11 16 24 ] . Creating T cell epitopes in expressed proteins has been demonstrated here for Hartley strain guinea pigs, and for various inbred strains of mice [ 37 38 ] . Interestingly, the introduction of T cell epitopes from a hen-egg lysozyme or ovalbumin into mouse TNF-alpha also resulted in an increased cross-reactive antibody response in mice [ 38 ] . However, the protein construct was no longer cytotoxic for L929 cells, suggesting that the modified protein was not in the correct tertiary configuration.
Loading...