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Example sentences for: osteoclasts
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Once in the tissue, monocytes undergo the poorly understood process of transformation to macrophages with altered morphology and function [ 19 ] . In arthritis, synovial macrophages might cause joint destruction by differentiating to bone-resorbing osteoclasts [ 20 ] or by releasing cartilage-degrading enzymes and cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α [ 8 ] . It has therefore been suggested that therapies for chronic arthritis should be aimed at depleting joint mononuclear cells or controlling the activation of synovial macrophages [ 21 ] . Indeed, elimination of macrophages by clodronate-laden liposomes in rat models of adjuvant [ 22 ] and antigen-induced arthritis [ 23 ] induces amelioration of the arthritis.
In health, its principal role is to protect against excessive bone turnover during times of increased need by attenuating the activity of osteoclasts [ 25].
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) localization was performed to identify osteoclasts with light microscopy.
The molecular signals required for osteoclastogenesis have recently been elucidated [ 1 4 5 ] . Receptor-activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL), a tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligand expressed by stromal cells, osteoblasts, and activated T cells, binds to its cognate receptor-activator of NFκB (RANK) receptor on macrophages/monocytes, inducing a signal that gradually transforms the macrophages into osteoclasts over a period of several days [ 6 7 ] . While this interaction occurs largely in the bone microenvironment, it has been shown that monocytes from the spleen, peripheral blood, and synovium are all capable of RANKL-dependent osteoclast formation [ 8 ] . Convincing evidence has been generated indicating that the RANK-RANKL interaction is absolutely required for osteoclastogenesis [ 7 ] ; in the absence of these molecules, osteoclastogenesis cannot occur [ 9 ] .
RAW cell osteoclasts were generated by plating exactly 5000 RAW cells per well in a 96-well dish with 200 ng/ml GST-RANKL or additional cytokines and culturing for 4-5 days.
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