Words similar to mutated
Example sentences for: mutated
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These disorders were traditionally believed to reflect primary structural extraocular muscle (EOM) anomalies and have been referred to as 'congenital fibrosis syndromes' [ 1 ] . Neuropathology studies of DS [ 2 3 ] and one form of CFEOM (CFEOM1) [ 4 ] , and the identification of ARIX as the gene mutated in a second form of CFEOM (CFEOM2) [ 5 ] , however, support our hypothesis that CFEOM results from maldevelopment of the oculomotor (nIII) and/or trochlear (nIV) nuclei and DS results from maldevelopment of the abducens (nVI) nucleus.
Each of these cysteines was mutated to serine, and the effects on β1 integrin association were evaluated.
Yet the presence of a few members of this family that are more mutated (short ORFs, low LTR-LTR nucleotide identity) suggests that this may also be an ancient family.
This genetic manipulation takes place in embryonic stem (ES) cells, which once mutated, are introduced into the inner cavity of a blastocyst (very early mouse embryo), creating chimeric embryos that are put back into female mice that carry the pregnancy to term.
M6P/IGF2R loss of heterozygosity occurs frequently in human breast, liver and lung cancer [ 6 20 21 22 ] , and the remaining allele of 30 to 50% of these tumors contains an intragenic loss-of-function point mutation in the ligand binding domains [ 35 ] . The M6P/IGF2R is also commonly mutated in gastrointestinal and endometrial malignancies because its coding sequence contains a poly-G region that is a mutational target in tumors with mismatch repair deficiencies and microsatellite instability [ 23 24 ] . Functional studies show that the introduction of an exogenous wild-type M6P/IGF2R into human colorectal cancer cells with a single inactivated allele significantly decreases growth rate and enhances apoptosis [ 26 ] . Conversely, loss of M6P/IGF2R expression promotes cancer cell growth by increasing intracellular signaling from both the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and the insulin receptors [ 36 ] .