Words similar to adenylyl
Example sentences for: adenylyl
How can you use “adenylyl” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Therefore, if combined with a drug such as fentanyl, or in the presence of an internal pool of β-endorphin, nalbuphine can act as an antagonist in inhibiting adenylyl cyclase by μ opioid receptors.
Organic phosphate compounds are the central metabolites of all biological systems [ 1 2 ] . Some are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, some like ATP and GTP, are additionally, cellular energy stores, others like cAMP or cGMP are messengers in signal transduction, and, yet others, such as FAD, NAD, thiamine phosphates and pyridoxal phosphate are cofactors for a range of enzymes [ 1 2 ] . Protein domains belonging to a relatively small set of structural folds are known to bind or catalyze reactions that utilize these organic phosphate compounds (see SCOP database: http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/) [ 3 4 ] . Several of these folds trace back to some of the earliest phases of the evolution of the protein world, and participate in a wide range of disparate biological functions in extant proteins [ 4 5 ] . Some folds, such as the P-loop fold, the Rossmann fold and the Hsp70-like fold, have been well studied, and comprise mainly of dedicated nucleotide binding or hydrolyzing proteins [ 6 7 8 9 ] . Others, such as the palm-domain, which is found in adenylyl cyclases and various nucleic acid polymerases, belong to more generalized protein folds that contain representatives with diverse biochemical activities [ 4 10 11 ] . Current availability of extensive genome sequence data, allows one to identify less numerous, nevertheless biological important organic phosphate-binding domains that may have previous eluded detection.
A well established method for assessing G-protein activation by opioid receptors and characterizing activity of opioid ligands is measuring the extent of inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity [ 12 13 14 21 22 23 ] . Adenylyl cyclase has been implicated in playing a role in mediating the analgesic effect of opioid ligands through μ opioid receptors [ 24 25 26 27 28 ] . Thus, characterizing the ability of opioid ligands to inhibit cAMP production, such as described in this report, could be used as an index for assessing their activity as a correlate of their analgesic effects.
Analogous active sites, that coordinate two metal ions, are observed in domains with similar activities, such as the classical adenylyl/guanylyl cyclases, family B DNA polymerases, pol-β fold nucleotidyl transferases, and triphosphatases or phosphoesterases of the HD and DHH superfamilies [ 11 15 19 20 ] . Consistent with these observations, both CyaB and ThTPase have been shown to require Mg 2+ions for their nucleotide cyclase and phosphatase activities [ 16 17 ] .
We show that Aeromonas adenylyl cyclase CyaB and thiamine triphosphatase define a novel superfamily of catalytic domains that act on nucleotides and organo-phosphate substrates.
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