Words similar to adenylyl
Example sentences for: adenylyl
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Classic adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases show a far more sporadic distribution, and are often present in multiple copies fused to a variety of signaling domains such as the cyclic nucleotide binding domains [ 24 ] . Cyclic nucleotide generating activity is not known to exist in a subset of the archaea [ 25 ] , though most of them contain a well-conserved copy of the CYTH domain.
We have shown that δ-opioids increase the phosphorylation of ERKl/2 in HEK-293 cells when the mouse wild type (WT) δ-OR is stably expressed [ 11 13 ] . The concentrations required to observe DSLET-mediated ERK phosphorylation (EC 50 = 10 nM; Figure 1a) are consistent with those reported for other δ-OR-mediated events, including G protein activation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition [ 16 17 ] . Moreover, no change in total ERK expression was observed, concomitantly, with ERK phosphorylation in any of our experiments (data not shown).
mRNA for both Carl, the cell surface cAMP receptor, and AcaA, the adenylyl cyclase responsible for cAMP synthesis, was found to be induced 2 to 4 hours earlier than in the parental cells.
The cAMP cell surface receptor Car1 ( carA gene) is responsible for sensing secreted cAMP and activating adenylyl cyclase ( acaA gene), which in turn results in the production and secretion of cAMP in order to relay the cAMP pulses [ 38 ] . Normally both of these genes are expressed at very low levels in growing cells, and their expression is induced during the first few hours of development, including a stimulation of expression by the cAMP pulses themselves [ 39 ] .
A well established method for assessing G-protein activation by opioid receptors and characterizing activity of opioid ligands is measuring the extent of inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity [ 12 13 14 21 22 23 ] . Adenylyl cyclase has been implicated in playing a role in mediating the analgesic effect of opioid ligands through μ opioid receptors [ 24 25 26 27 28 ] . Thus, characterizing the ability of opioid ligands to inhibit cAMP production, such as described in this report, could be used as an index for assessing their activity as a correlate of their analgesic effects.
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