Words similar to ligand
Example sentences for: ligand
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The S77A mutant receptor was shown to inhibit ligand dependent transactivation of RA responsive promoters [ 7 ] , but the mechanism of this reduction (e.g.
Less strong Lewis bases are the charge-compensated Glu in an ion-pair with Arg, the amide group of Gln and Asn, and finally the carbonyl of the peptide backbone as the weakest [ 29 ] . The importance of the ligand was demonstrated by substitution of His with the weaker Lewis base Asn in the apoprotein of the bacterial light-harvesting complex LH1, which eliminated assembly of the complex in vivo and reconstitution in vitro [ 30 ] . Formation of a stable coordination bond with a weaker Lewis base is expected to require a stronger Lewis acid.
The residues in the MIDAS motifs lie on three closely apposed loops located on the upper edge of the β-sheet, where they form the metal-binding site, with oxygen atoms in the aspartate, serine and threonine residues coordinating the metal ion [ 9 ] . In integrin α2β1, which is a collagen receptor, the metal-binding site also binds the collagen ligand through the conserved glutamate in a GFOGER motif (O = hydroxyproline) completing the coordination sphere of the metal [ 28 ] . In vivo, the binding of collagen at this site appears to be regulated through a conformational shift in which the loops forming the MIDAS site change from a closed to an open conformation [ 29 30 31 ] . Other proteins containing a domain with all three MIDAS motifs include the D-subunit of magnesium chelatase [ 32 ] , Ca-activated chloride-channel protein [ 33 34 ] , nitrate reductase (accession AAC79447), and the D subunit of nitric oxide reductase (accession AAC45374).
Deletion of the same motif in RXR also strongly decreased transactivation, but did not completely eliminate ligand responses (Fig.
Using this technique, we analyzed cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LT-α), activation marker (CD154 [CD40 ligand] and TRANCE - also called receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand [RANKL] or osteoclast differentiation factor [ODF]), and chemokine receptor expression by individual CD4 +memory T cells isolated from rheumatoid synovium and blood.
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