Words similar to down-regulate
Example sentences for: down-regulate
How can you use “down-regulate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
It was reported that PPAR activation could down-regulate the activity of AP-1 by interfering with the functions of c-jun [ 36 37 ] . Therefore, the following set of experiments was designed to test if PPAR activation could reduce c-jun activation in 25-OH-cholesterol treated microglia.
Cumulatively, however, these observations do suggest a mechanism whereby HIV-1 expression in renal epithelium may induce cyclin D 1 : activation of Src-family kinases by Nef would be expected to up-regulate cyclin D 1 gene expression and promote the synthesis and stabilization of cyclin D 1 protein via Src-Ras-MAPK and Src-PI3K-mTOR signal transduction pathways, respectively [ 32 33 34 ] . Interestingly, our unpublished in vitro observations and published data showing marked expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the interstitium of HIVAN kidneys [ 35 ] suggest that soluble mitogens may be important cofactors with HIV-1 expression to induce cyclin D 1 . Thus, interrupting HIV-1 gene expression should down-regulate cyclin D 1 and correct the phenotypic abnormalities in infected podocytes.
Tat has been shown to down-regulate mannose receptor, EDF-1, CD3-gamma, and TCR/CD3 surface receptor [ 14 ] . Tat reduces mannose receptor levels and promoter activity in mature macrophages and dendritic cells by interfering with the host transcriptional machinery; resulting in decreased levels of surface mannose receptor needed for Ag (mannosylated albumin uptake) or pathogen capture (Pneumocystis carinii phagocytosis), and eventual delivery to MHC class II-containing intracellular compartments [ 15 ] . EDF-1, a gene down-regulated when endothelial cells are induced to differentiate in vitro , was shown to be down-regulated by Tat at the transcriptional level, resulting in the inhibition of endothelial cell growth and in the transition from a nonpolar cobblestone phenotype to a polar fibroblast-like phenotype [ 16 ] .
First, antisense oligonucleotides were used to down-regulate endogenous PLD2 activity.
In comparison to the two general alternative mechanisms utilized by known transforming viruses to promote cell-cycle progression, namely, by activating or bypassing endogenous D-type cyclins (herein, referred to as "cyclin D"), it has not been established whether HIV-1 gene products trigger either cyclin D-dependent or cyclin D-independent proliferation in non-lymphoid tissues [ 15 ] . In infected renal epithelium, HIV-1 could disrupt the inhibitory binding of pRb to E2F independent of endogenous cyclin D, analogous to transforming viral mechanisms that bypass and down-regulate endogenous cyclin D, such as SV-40 T antigen binding to pRb [ 16 ] , HHV-8 v -cyclin binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinase-6 (CDK) [ 17 ] , and activation of cyclin E by EBV-induced c -myc [ 18 ] . Alternatively, HIV-1 could activate cyclin D-dependent proliferation, as exemplified by RSV v -src-mediated signaling [ 19 ] . In most tissues, the selective activation of these cell-cycle pathways is readily discernable.
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