Words similar to down-regulates
Example sentences for: down-regulates
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Surfactant, a lipoprotein comprised of phospholipids (~80%), cholesterol (~10%), and proteins (~10%), functions to reduce surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse at end expiration [ 4 ] . The surfactant-associated proteins (SP) A, B, C and D, which are required for proper surfactant function, are developmentally and hormonally regulated [ 4 ] . We, and others, have shown that the SP-A levels in the amniotic fluid of diabetic mothers are significantly decreased [ 1 ] . Low SP-A levels in amniotic fluid have been correlated with an increased incidence of neonatal RDS [ 5 ] . Our previous studies have shown that insulin down-regulates SP-A mRNA and protein levels in human lung epithelial cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner via an inhibition of gene transcription [ 6 7 ] .
In cultured human muscle cells, only the PI 3-kinase - p70 S6 kinase pathway, and not the MAPK pathway, mediates insulin up-regulation of p85α PI 3-kinase gene expression [ 26 ] . Similarly, in L6 myotubes, insulin induces hexokinase II gene transcription via the rapamycin-sensitive PI 3-kinase pathway, but not via the MAPK pathway [ 27 ] . The PI 3-kinase - p70 S6 kinase pathway, but not the MAPK pathway, mediates insulin induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in primary rat hepatocytes [ 28 ] . In H411E liver cells, insulin down-regulates cAMP-induced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription via the PI 3-kinase pathway, but not via the MAPK pathway [ 29 ] . Phosphorylated p70 S6 kinase has been shown to be present in the nucleus in insulin-treated cells [ 30 ] . Moreover, it has been shown that p70 S6 kinase phosphorylates and activates members of the cAMP response element modulator family of transcription factors [ 31 ] . These data raise the possibility that transcriptional regulation of SP-A gene expression occurs via the PI 3-kinase - p70 S6 kinase pathway.
The mechanism is clear: worms trigger one arm of the immune system which down-regulates another, inflammatory arm.
Taken together, our results demonstrate that insulin/IGF-1 signaling down-regulates 5-HT 2C receptor function in choroid plexus and Xenopus oocytes via MAP kinase, and that the 5-HT 2C receptor is a substrate for MAP kinase.
[ 5 ] . BDNF transiently stabilizes silent NM synapses during the period of transition from polyneuronal to mononeuronal innervation of skeletal muscle fibers [ 6 ] . BDNF and CNTF cooperatively affect efficiency of embryonic xenopus neuromuscular synapses in culture [ 7 8 ] . BDNF stimulates transmitter release from neuromuscular synapses [ 9 ] and enhances the efficiency of transmission at the neuromuscular synapse [ 10 ] . BDNF, together with NT-3, can restore neuregulin levels and a normal distribution of AchR at the neuromuscular junction blocked with curare [ 11 ] . BDNF, in conjunction with fibronectin, increases spontaneous synaptic currents in the cultured embryonic xenopus neuromuscular junction [ 12 ] . BDNF down-regulates AchR clustering, most likely by binding to TrkB expressed in myocytes [ 13 ] . BDNF downregulates agrin levels in muscle but increases neuregulin in ventral horn spinal motor neurons at the time when they form neuromuscular synapses [ 14 ] .
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