Words similar to upregulation
Example sentences for: upregulation
How can you use “upregulation” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
VEGF is a 45 kDA heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein with a predominant specificity to vascular endothelial cells [ 4 5 6 7 ] . Recent investigations demonstrate that VEGF increases vascular permeability [ 4 ] , endothelial cell proliferation in vitro [ 8 ] , and angiogenesis in vivo [ 9 ] . We have previously demonstrated that VEGF mRNA is upregulated in rat gastrocnemius muscle following 1 hour of acute submaximal treadmill exercise [ 10 ] , in dog gastrocnemius muscle following 1 hour of electrical stimulation [ 11 ] , and in human vastus lateralis following 30 min of one-legged knee extension exercise at 50% maximal capacity [ 12 ] . Other studies show similar upregulation of VEGF mRNA in chronically electrically stimulated rat skeletal muscle [ 13 14 ] , and in human vastus lateralis following 45 min of one-legged knee extension exercise [ 15 ] .
In the present study, we used a carcinogen-induced rat model of mammary carcinogenesis to test whether chemoprevention by tamoxifen and by two different retinoids (4-HPR, also known as fenretinide; and 9-cRA) is associated with local upregulation of TGF-βs in the initiated mammary gland.
Neurons with axons in the peripheral nervous system can successfully regenerate when injured [ 22 ] . This is in part due to an environment permissive for axonal growth but also due to the upregulation of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) which increase intrinsic growth capacity [ 23 ] . Three examples of RAGs are GAP-43 and CAP-23 [ 24 ] and sprp1A [ 8 ] . We now find several other potential candidates including; α2 macroglobulin, CLP36, and VGF all of which have been described to promote neurite outgrowth or interact with the cytoskeleton in a way that may promote regeneration (see Table 4 [additional file 3] for references).
One study performed a DNA microarray analysis on CMV infected cells and observed an upregulation of 258 cellular mRNAs whose level changes were by a factor of 4 or more after the onset of viral replication [ 76 ] . The functions of some of these genes still remains highly speculative, yet it gives an insight as to what potential roles these genes may play, particularly in EBV reactivation.
We demonstrate that pre-osteoclasts stimulated with RANKL for 2 days are rendered resistant to the IFN-γ induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, NO production, and upregulation of CD11b and RANK surface expression.
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