Words similar to phenotype
Example sentences for: phenotype
How can you use “phenotype” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
These observations could be explained by the occurrence of an HLA-linked allele that is necessary to cause either CVID or IgGSD, but is insufficient to induce a specific immunoglobulin deficiency phenotype.
The cell surface expressed integrins can control this process by physically interacting with the extracellular matrix proteins and other cell surface proteins on endothelial cells lining the blood vessel wall [ 1 ] . These integrins signal adhesion and migration by communicating with several tyrosine kinases inside the cell, including the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Src family kinases [ 1 2 ] . Src kinases control the activation of FAK, as well as the tyrosine phosphorylation of critical substrates that regulate adhesion and migration [ 3 ] . Indeed, colon cancer cells with high metastatic potential have elevated levels of Src activity or activating mutations in the Src gene [ 4 5 ] . One Src substrate that is involved in regulating an important signaling node in this process is the adaptor protein p130 cas (Cas) [ 6 7 8 9 10 ] . Cas appears to play a central role in the transformation process by several oncogenes including ras, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), v-Src, v-crk, and Bcr-Abl, as these tumors all have elevated levels of tyrosine phosphorylated Cas [ 6 11 12 13 ] . Cells from mice that lack Cas have much reduced migration and are resistant to transformation by v-Src, while expression of Cas anti-sense RNA in cells transformed with ras, v-Src or ODC result in reversion of the transformed phenotype [ 11 14 15 ] . Furthermore, increased expression of Cas can rescue cell migration and adhesion in cells expressing the tumor suppressor PTEN, and can enhance cell migration and adhesion in normal cells, with a major role being played by the substrate domain [ 16 17 ] .
The survival of Lifr -/- pups following RU486 treatment was similar to the phenotype seen in CNTFR null mice where neuronal development was disrupted which disallowed suckling [ 40 ] . This indicates that at least some of the problems encountered with neuronal development that affect normal suckling were not ameliorated by RU486.
High levels of OPN in breast tumor cell lines appear to correlate with a more aggressive in vivo phenotype [ 2 20 ] . Transfection of OPN expression constructs into cells producing noninvasive mammary epithelial tumors has been reported to convert them to a malignant phenotype [ 8 21 ] . Furthermore, transfection of antisense OPN constructs or OPN-targeting ribozymes into transformed tumorigenic cells can result in impaired anchorage-independent growth, as well as in diminished tumor-forming ability in vivo [ 22 23 ] . OPN is also typically overexpressed in human tumors, including breast cancer [ 15 24 ] . However, the source of OPN in primary breast tumors was originally thought to be infiltrating macrophages rather than tumor cells themselves [ 15 ] .
A classification by RNAi phenotype of C. elegans genes with M. incognita homologs
Loading...