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Example sentences for: npas
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At least 90 genes are regulated in a similar fashion by NPAS2:BMAL1 [ 37 ] and the identity of the target genes critical for the NREMS phenotype in cry1,2 -/- mice remains to be determined.
In the discussion, we have focused on per1,2 mRNAs as transcriptional targets of cry1,2 because the expression patterns of these circadian genes have been widely described and because their transcriptional control by CRY proteins and by CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 has been well established.
We also measured the expression of five other circadian genes: bmal1 , clock , npas2 , per3 , and casein kinase -1-ε ( csnk1e ) in the cortex; the levels of these five mRNAs were not affected by SD (data not shown).
Finally, from a functional perspective, it is interesting that CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 transcriptional activity is sensitive to redox state [ 24 ] . This transcriptional activity might thus provide a link between neuronal activity and an energy regulatory function for NREMS, as has been suggested previously [ 55 ] .
We assume that the effects on sleep we observed in cry1 , 2 -/-mice are a result of a lack of cryptochrome -dependent inhibition of the transcriptional activation provided by the bHLH-PAS heterodimers CLOCK:BMAL1 and NPAS2:BMAL1 [ 19 20 37 ] , although cryptochromes also play a role in stabilizing and nuclear sequestration of PER proteins [ 38 ] , and in photoreception [ 39 ] . Lack of cryptochromes results in increased mRNA levels of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes, including the circadian genes per1 and per2 [ 20 23 ] . The expression of these two genes is viewed as a state variable of the molecular circadian clock or a marker of CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1-induced transcription, although at least per1 transcription can also be (rapidly) induced by light [ 40 41 ] , through a CREB-dependent signaling pathway [ 42 43 44 ] . The observation of high brain levels of per1,2 transcripts under baseline conditions in cry1,2 -/-mice raises the possibility that these or other CLOCK/NPAS2:BMAL1 target genes are involved in the homeostatic regulation of sleep.
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