Words similar to modulating
Example sentences for: modulating
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Among genes that are stimulated by FSH/cAMP during the period of maturation of Sertoli cells (15 to 20 days of age in rats), are several subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the serine/threonine kinase mainly responsible for the downstream effects of FSH [ 15 ] . Expression of the RIIβ regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is highly induced (50-fold) at the mRNA level in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells as a late response to cAMP peaking at 12 hours [ 16 ] . We have demonstrated that expression of CAAT/Enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is induced by cAMP with rapid kinetics in Sertoli cells, and that C/EBPβ is responsible for induction of late response genes like the RIIβ-gene [ 17 ] . The RIIβ promoter contains a conserved E-box/HLH element in the basal promoter localized at -280 to -275 relative to the functional ATG [ 18 ] . This element is shown to be important for cAMP-responsiveness in granulosa cells, and it has been shown to bind both USF and Myc in CHO and NB2a cells [ 18 19 ] . In this work, we show that USF isoforms may regulate cAMP responsiveness of the RIIβ promoter by modulating the effect of C/EBP, and that the formation of USF isoforms may be regulated by cAMP in Sertoli cells.
MAP kinase regulation is potentially an important mechanism of modulating GPCR function, however the prevalence of this type of modulation is unknown.
These observations, together with previously published reports from other laboratories indicating significant levels of BMP-5 expression in the developing and adult nervous system [ 3 ] suggest a potential role for BMP-5 in modulating dendritic morphology not only during development, but also in adult nervous systems.
Taken together, these results suggest that statins influence APP processing, at least in part, by modulating the isoprenoid pathway and inactivating the ROCK1 kinase.
The role of genetics in modulating the immune response to infectious diseases is a topic of longstanding interest among epidemiologists, clinicians, population geneticists, and immunologists [ 1 2 ] . Zinkernagel and Doherty's Nobel Prize-winning discovery that cellular immunity to viral infections was "restricted" by the highly variable proteins of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) brought the field of immunogenetics into sharper focus [ 3 ] . Their demonstration that T lymphocytes recognize virus antigens displayed on a host cell "in the context of" MHC proteins immediately suggested the idea that genetic differences at the loci encoding the MHC might modulate the intensity and effectiveness of host response to infection.
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