Words similar to modulate
Example sentences for: modulate
How can you use “modulate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Cells grown in culture have unlimited access to nutrients under conditions most favorable for growth and proliferation and little exposure to extrinsic factors such as cytokines that modulate growth and differentiation.
It is known that during clonal selection in the thymus, immature CD4, CD8 double positive cells develop into single positive CD4 or CD8 cells according to the relative affinity of their TCR to class II or class I molecules respectively [ 5 6 ] . These immature T-cells are selected in the thymic epithelium on the basis of their TCR interaction with either class I or class II MHC molecules [ 7 8 ] , thus generating two mutually exclusive subpopulations that are characterized by the expression of either CD4 or CD8 glycoproteins [ 9 ] . Earlier studies in the murine system have demonstrated that PMA and cAMP can modulate the expression CD4 and CD8 on developing thymocytes [ 10 11 12 13 ] . In keeping with these findings, ex vivo experiments with human thymocytes previously reported by our group, revealed that while phorbol esters can coordinately regulate the transcription of α and β TCR during intrathymic T cell differentiation [ 14 ] , cAMP selectively affected the transcription of the α and δ-TCR [ 15 16 ] . Together the murine data and our own findings support the hypothesis that in humans, TCR expression and CD4, CD8 commitment and selection may be regulated by the same signal-transduction pathways.
Some studies also indicate that estrogen receptors reside on the plasma membrane and modulate cellular activity without directly associating with DNA [ 16 ] . Human ERβ is encoded by 477 amino acids (~52 kDa) and has substantial homology to ERα (66 kDa) [ 17 18 ] . Although both estrogen receptors (ERs) can be expressed in various estrogen-sensitive tissues and cells, evidence is accumulating that their expression varies during cellular proliferation and differentiation [ 19 ] . It appears quite clear today that ERβ has biological roles that are distinct from those of ERα, and certain results indicate that ERβ can have effects opposite to those of the ERα [ 20 21 ] .
This finding is consistent with the idea that bile acids directly modulate specific signaling cascades that control cellular death and survival.
BMPs have been divided into subgroups based on structural and evolutionary considerations [ 8 ] . Although closely related BMPs have been shown to elicit distinct cellular responses [ 5 9 10 11 12 13 ] , members within a subgroup often display conservation of not only structure, but also function [ 4 5 6 14 ] . BMP-5 belongs to the 60A subgroup of BMPs, which also includes BMP-6/Vgr-1, BMP-7/OP-1, BMP-8a/OP-2, BMP-8b and Drosophila 60A [ 3 8 ] . Other members of the 60A subgroup have been shown to modulate neuronal morphogenesis through selective effects on dendrites.
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