Words similar to modulates
Example sentences for: modulates
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To avoid misinterpretations, it is also important to note that RSA and cardiorespiratory phase synchronization are both caused by cardiorespiratory couplings, but RSA results solely from modulation which is seen as a uni-directional interaction between heartbeat and respiration: breathing modulates heart rate but not vice versa.
CD26 is an ectoenzyme, which delivers a costimulatory signal in T-cells; its expression is upregulated on T-cells in response to mitogenic signals and downregulated through interaction with the insulin-like growth factor II receptor [ 16 ] . The consequence of CD26 loss is unclear; CD26 modulates the action of many molecules including the chemotactic activity of some chemokine important for T-cell migration to skin [ 17 18 ] .
In so doing it modulates the expression and activity of COX-2 and certain MMPs.
For example, Herschlag and co-workers have previously shown that a nucleobase could complement an abasic site within the hammerhead ribozyme, restoring cleavage activity [ 1 ] . Similarly, Porta and Lizardi engineered a hammerhead ribozyme that assumed an inactive secondary structure; upon the addition of an oligonucleotide that disrupted the engineered secondary structure, the ribozyme was activated [ 2 ] . More recently, it has previously been shown that many selected nucleic acid binding species (aptamers) undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding [ 3 4 5 6 ] In addition, when aptamers are conjoined to ribozymes, the ligand-induced conformational changes in the aptamers frequently modulate the structures and hence the activities of the ribozymes [ 7 8 9 ] For example, binding of theophylline to the anti-theophylline aptamer [ 10 ] modulates the conformation of residue [ 11 12 ] and the overall stability of the aptamer [ 10 13 ] . Appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to the hammerhead ribozyme allowed cleavage activity to be modulated by 110-fold by theophylline [ 13 ] . Similarly, appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to a small ribozyme ligase (L1) generated an aptazyme that was activated 1,600-fold by saturating theophylline concentrations [ 14 ] .
Indeed, cytokines have been shown to play an important part in the HIV-1 life cycle and the results obtained here suggest that treatment of PBMCs with HIV-1 envelope proteins significantly modulates the transcription of numerous cytokine genes.
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