Words similar to mitogen-activated
Example sentences for: mitogen-activated
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Insulin transduces its cellular signal in most cell types via two signaling pathways, i.e., the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway [ 8 ] . Insulin initially binds to the insulin receptor causing autophosphorylation of the β-subunit of the receptor [ 8 ] . The protein kinase domain of the β-subunit then phosphorylates tyrosine residues in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, or Shc, which then activates the p44/42 MAPK signaling cascade [ 8 ] . PD98059 is a cell permeable, non-competitive, reversible inhibitor of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), a protein kinase upstream of p44/42 MAPK [ 9 ] . Tyrosine phosphorylated IRS also activates the PI 3-kinase pathway [ 8 10 ] . There are at least three, well-characterized inhibitors of the PI 3-kinase pathway, i.e., wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin [ 11 12 13 ] . Wortmannin and LY294002 block the activation of PI 3-kinase itself [ 11 12 ] , while rapamycin prevents the phosphorylation of a downstream effector in the pathway, p70 S6 kinase [ 13 ] .
Of interest to these studies are the three subfamilies within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily including the extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), p38 and c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) [ 31 ] . TNFα is one of many cytokines involved in luteal regression.
PIP3: Phosphatidyl-3,4,5-triphosphate; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium; PI-3Kinase: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10; SOS: son-of-sevenless ras exchange factor; ASK: apoptosis stimulating kinase; FKHR: forkhead related protein; cFLIP: cellular FLICE interacting protein; BSA: bovine serum albumin; TBS: tris buffered saline; PVDF: polyvinylidene difluoride
The mitogen-activated protein kinase family is associated with many cellular functions.
TGF-β family proteins, including β1,β2 and β3, induce TNF-resistance and suppress the PH-20 effect of increasing TNF cytotoxicity in murine L929 fibroblasts [ 8 11 ] . TGF-β1 induces a novel extracellular matrix protein that prevents TNF-mediated cell death and blocks the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; also known as p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p42/44 MAPK) in L929 cells [ 8 12 ] . Additionally, TGF-β1 induces the expression of TIAF1 (TGF-β-induced antiapoptotic factor) [ 13 ] and TIF2 (TGF-β-induced factor 2) [ 14 ] that inhibit TNF cytotoxicity.
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