Words similar to caspases
Example sentences for: caspases
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The loss of cytochrome c causes a break in the electron transfer chain resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species [ 31 ] . Reactive oxygen species are known to cause the oxidation and loss of function of many lipids including cardiolipin [ 20 ] . Finally, caspases activated downstream of cytochrome c release have been implicated in mitochondrial damage [ 29 ] . It appears likely that the cumulative damage of these agents could lead to the irreversible loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and structure.
First, to determine whether a mutation in amino-terminal RING domain of BRCA1 preferentially targeted either the mitochondrial [ 25 ] or Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway [ 24 ] , levels of the respective initiator caspases 9 and 8 were determined.
Although the requirement for specific caspases was not examined here, it is possible that caspases localized in the Golgi complex (including caspase-2) transduce death signals during the early stages of apoptosis that are associated with fragmentation of specific Golgi proteins.
Under these conditions apoptosis may result from the production of cytokines [ 1 ] , cell activation [ 2 3 4 ] , infective agents [ 5 ] and adverse responses to pharmaceuticals [ 6 7 ] . Depending on the agonist or eliciting milieu, apoptotic cell death is accompanied by the activation of various cell death pathways including caspases, ceramide, altered gene expression, mitochondrial dysfunction and consumption of ATP e.g., with DNA repair, that result in histone-associated DNA fragmentation [ 8 9 ] . Many of these cell death pathways are also associated with the secondary production of oxidants [ 10 ] which appears to contribute to the magnitude of cell death.
While there is extensive crosstalk between the caspases, the two most common initiator pathways are the Fas/Fas ligand pathway, involving caspase 8 and caspase 10, and the mitochondrial pathway, triggering caspase 9 [ 24 25 ] . Caspase 3, a pivotal downstream protease, functions in virtually every caspase pathway and serves as an executioner in the cells by cleavage of downstream targets which lead to irreversible chromosomal degradation.
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