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Example sentences for: caspases
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Under these conditions apoptosis may result from the production of cytokines [ 1 ] , cell activation [ 2 3 4 ] , infective agents [ 5 ] and adverse responses to pharmaceuticals [ 6 7 ] . Depending on the agonist or eliciting milieu, apoptotic cell death is accompanied by the activation of various cell death pathways including caspases, ceramide, altered gene expression, mitochondrial dysfunction and consumption of ATP e.g., with DNA repair, that result in histone-associated DNA fragmentation [ 8 9 ] . Many of these cell death pathways are also associated with the secondary production of oxidants [ 10 ] which appears to contribute to the magnitude of cell death.
The loss of cytochrome c causes a break in the electron transfer chain resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species [ 31 ] . Reactive oxygen species are known to cause the oxidation and loss of function of many lipids including cardiolipin [ 20 ] . Finally, caspases activated downstream of cytochrome c release have been implicated in mitochondrial damage [ 29 ] . It appears likely that the cumulative damage of these agents could lead to the irreversible loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and structure.
Three members of the IAP family ( c-IAP1, c-IAP2, NAIP ) had very short mRNA half-lives and encode anti-apoptotic proteins that act by directly binding to caspases 3, 7, and 9 [ 27].
Cell death is executed by the activation of a family of proteases termed caspases.
The cleavage of calpastatin by caspases initiates the apoptotic cascade in certain neurological disorders [ 20 ] . It is possible that increased expression of calpastatin may control calpain activity thereby limiting extent of proteolysis during capillary sprouting.
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