Words similar to up-regulation
Example sentences for: up-regulation
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The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT), LTC, LTD, and LTE, were first shown to be essential mediators in asthma [ 29 ] . However, when the mouse leukotriene B4 receptor (m-BLTR) gene, was cloned it was shown to have significant sequence homology with chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4), co-receptors for many different HIV-1 clades [ 30 ] . Along the same lines, when cells were infected with 10 primary clinical isolates of HIV-1, leukotriene B4 receptor was primarily utilized for efficient entry into cells which were mainly of the syncytium-inducing phenotype [ 31 ] . Therefore, up-regulation of neuropeptide Y-like receptor and down-regulation of leukotriene B4 receptor in Tat expressing cells indicates a selective advantage of one class of virus (CCR5) over another (CXCR4).
Triggering of the UPR also results in the suppression of global protein synthesis, as PERK is activated and phosphorylates EIK2α, which can only interact with the appropriate ribosomal binding sites in an unphosphorylated state [ 11 12 ] . While the upregulated transcription of PERK is not required for its activation, it's over expression can lead to the enhanced phosphorylation (and therefore inactivity) of EIK2α [ 16 ] . Therefore, its up-regulation by mefloquine supports the hypothesis that the drug triggers an UPR.
It has previously been shown that IL-8 mRNA induction was seen less then 1 h after Tat (72aa) stimulation, and levels remained elevated for up to 24 h, leading to IL-8 protein production [ 102 ] . Along these lines, we have previously shown that the IL-8 gene is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner in cells that express the Tat protein, and the induction is during the S phase of the cell cycle and regulated by stable NF-kB binding to the IL-8 promoter [ 103 ] . When looking for IL-8 at the G1/S border, we found that all Tat containing cells, including PBMCs that were treated with exogenous Tat showed an up-regulation of IL-8 in the supernatant (Figure 4), further implying that results obtained from the H9/Tat system may infact be of general physiological relevance in vivo.
The blot demonstrated the up-regulation of the perforin transcript in leukemia LGL cells (Fig.
Chess and coworkers have shown that transforming growth factor-α and hepatocyte growth factor increase the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPK in H441 cells [ 23 ] . Epidermal growth factor, which binds to the same receptor as transforming growth factor-α, increases SP-A content in human fetal lung [ 24 ] . Hepatocyte growth factor has also been shown to upregulate the synthesis of SP-A in rat type II cells [ 25 ] . Thus, phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK may be involved in the up-regulation of SP-A gene expression, results consistent with our observation that inhibition of basal levels of p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation may decrease SP-A gene expression.
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