Words similar to up-regulate
Example sentences for: up-regulate
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Tissue hypoxia therefore remains a possible mechanism of increased expression of Fas and FasL, although it seems less likely that the arteriolosclerosis that developed in S kidneys was severe enough to produce hypoxic conditions sufficient to up-regulate Fas, until the third week of study.
Cumulatively, however, these observations do suggest a mechanism whereby HIV-1 expression in renal epithelium may induce cyclin D 1 : activation of Src-family kinases by Nef would be expected to up-regulate cyclin D 1 gene expression and promote the synthesis and stabilization of cyclin D 1 protein via Src-Ras-MAPK and Src-PI3K-mTOR signal transduction pathways, respectively [ 32 33 34 ] . Interestingly, our unpublished in vitro observations and published data showing marked expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the interstitium of HIVAN kidneys [ 35 ] suggest that soluble mitogens may be important cofactors with HIV-1 expression to induce cyclin D 1 . Thus, interrupting HIV-1 gene expression should down-regulate cyclin D 1 and correct the phenotypic abnormalities in infected podocytes.
In primary cultures of choroid plexus cells, repeated 5-HT application desensitizes 5-HT induced increases in intracellular calcium [ 13 ] . Down-regulation of receptor binding sites in choroid plexus cells is seen after agonist treatment [ 29 ] . However, inverse agonists can either down- [ 29 ] or up-regulate [ 30 ] 5-HT 2C receptor binding sites dependent upon cellular context.
Recent studies have proposed that myocyte loss incardiomyopathy can occur by apoptosis without an inflammatory response [reviewedin [ 1 2 3 ] ]. In heart failure,growth stimulation initially occurs as a compensatory effort tomeet chronically altered hemodynamic demands and is mediated by systemicand/or local up-regulation of mediators of adrenergic pathways andby various cytokines [ 4 5 ] . However, cytokinescan be directly toxic to cardiac myocytes and result in increasedapoptotic cell death [ 3 6 ] . Local up-regulationof angiotensin II induces immediate-early genes, which may leadto increased protein synthesis and myocardial hypertrophy or, alternatively,may up-regulate expression of apoptotic proteins (such as p53) incardiac myocytes.
Homogenates of lungs from non-infected and P. carinii -infected rats were used to inoculate a human cell line, the HEL cell line, to determine whether P. carinii would up-regulate or induce gene expression in infected HEL cells.
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