Words similar to up-regulated
Example sentences for: up-regulated
How can you use “up-regulated” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Approximately 80 up-regulated genes and 12 down-regulated genes were identified by cDNA microarray analysis in leukemic LGL cells.
Examples include RPs L7a, L37 and S14 in prostate tumors and cell lines [ 20 ] ; RPs L5, L7A, L18, S3, S6, S8, S12, S13, S28, P0 and P1 in colorectal cancers and cell lines [ 21 22 23 24 25 26 ] ; L5 in astrocytomas [ 27 ] ; L18a in squamous cell carcinoma [ 28 ] ; L19 in breast tumors that over-express erbB-2 [ 29 ] ; RPs S3A, S4, and S17 in lymphoid malignancies [ 30 ] ; L38, S4, P0, and P1 in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines [ 31 ] ; and P0, P1, P2, L5, L9, L35, L39, S3A, S10, and S17 in liver tumors [ 32 ] . In addition, as noted above, a recent SAGE study identified targets of N-myc in a human neuroblastoma cell line [ 18 ] . Of 114 up-regulated genes detected, 66 encoded RPs with elevations ranging from 40% to 37-fold.
However, the nuclear localization of 8-OH-dG [ 32 ] and the increased Ogg1 reported here are consistent with a model in which mitochondrial Ogg1 is up-regulated but nuclear Ogg1 is not, leading to an increase in nuclear but not mitochondrial 8-OH-dG adducts [ 32 ] . Further studies will be required to resolve this issue, but β-cells in type 2 diabetes may well suffer from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage, leading to decreased β-cell function and eventual loss of β-cell mass.
For example, RP L18, which was significantly down-regulated by NGF, has been reported to negatively regulate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) [ 45 ] . As an additional example RP S19, which is also down-regulated by NGF, has been implicated in erythropoiesis and has also been described as a monocyte chemotactic factor [ 46 ] . As one last example, rat RP L9 which we found to be up-regulated by NGF starting within a few hours and maximally by 8 hrs, has been shown to be the ortholog of the yeast gene grc5 which appears to be involved in multiple cellular functions including growth control, cytoskeleton control and energy metabolism [ 47 ] . Identification of NGF-regulated RPs should now facilitate exploration of their potential roles in the responses of cells to neurotrophins.
This hypothesis implies that the expression of all or most of the genes encoding various components of the ATP synthase complex would be up-regulated in response to P. carinii infection.
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