Words similar to stimulated
Example sentences for: stimulated
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The process of membrane vesiculation and MP-release in platelets has been shown to require a calpain-dependent dissociation of membrane proteins from the submembrane cytoskeleton and most likely involves intracellular signaling by platelet protein kinases [ 10 ] . Besides platelets stimulated by various agonists such as thrombin with collagen or the complement complex C5b-9 [ 7 11 ] , a release of PS-containing membrane MP was demonstrated in other cell types such as endotoxin-stimulated monocytes [ 12 ] , polymorphonuclear leucocytes stimulated with the chemotactic peptide FMLP [ 13 ] or apoptotic T-lymphocytes [ 14 ] . The normal restriction of PS to the inner surface of the plasma membrane becomes perturbed in apoptotic cells [ 15 16 ] . When exposed, PS is a determinant for phagocyte recognition of cells to be cleared.
Distinct nAChR subtypes exist that can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the natural product nicotine, or by synthetic compounds [ 1 ] . nAChR is the prototype for a protein superfamily that includes the receptors for the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, the inhibitory amino-acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, as well as the serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor [ 1 ] . Like most ligand-gated ion channels, nAChRs are homo- or hetero-pentameric, each monomer belonging to a pull of 8 alpha- or 3 beta-subunits (alpha 2-9 , beta 2-4 ). While each subunit has four transmembrane domains, the agonist binding sites are located at the subunit interfaces [ 2 ] . Both natural and synthetic ligands can display varied affinity for different receptor subtypes.
In contrast, a 6 hour pretreatment of microglia with domoic acid [1 mM], yielded no statistically significant increase in PMA [1 μM]-stimulated O 2 - generation: 2.97 ± 0.44 nmoles/2 hours (domoic acid pretreated, n = 3) vs. 1.7 ± 0.07 nmoles/2 hours (untreated controls, n = 3).
Removal of 10-13 residues from the C terminus of PP5 results in a highly active enzyme that is only modestly stimulated by lipid [ 19 ] . To examine the role of the C terminus in controlling Ppt1p phosphatase activity, a similar truncation mutant, Ppt1p (1-504), was expressed and characterized (Fig.
However, if the neighboring extrafusal fibers were stimulated to contract, they unload the tendon organ, thus bringing it to a subthreshold level.
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