Words similar to sterols
Example sentences for: sterols
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The WKY rat also carries this mutation and a high dietary intake of phytosterols will also increase the blood pressure and decrease the density of platelets, though to a lower extent than that observed in SHRSP rats [ 20 ] . These data support a pathological role of elevated plant sterols in these rats and support the notion that the STSL loci evolved to not only allow for the excretion of cholesterol into bile, but also to keep 'xeno-sterols' from accumulating in the body.
A number of different groups have reported that genetically hypertensive strains of rats (SHR, SHRSP, WKY) have elevated levels of plasma sitosterol [ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ] . Although the WKY strain is not considered hypertensive, dietary alterations involving plant sterols appear to increase blood pressure in this strain [ 21 ] . We screened two commercially available hypertensive rats, as well as a 'genetically hypertensive' strain, GH, for plasma plant sterol levels and compared these to two control strains, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar (Table 4).
Scorpion venom when injected exerts a strong inflammatory response [ 11 ] . Many plant species used against stings contain compounds with antiinflammatory properties, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, quercetin), coumarins (bergapten), coumestans (wedelolactone), triterpenes, sterols and saponins [ 38 11 ] . The mechanism of action of the flavonoids is based on the inhibition of enzymatic steps in the arachidonic acid cascade [ 38 ] . Plant compounds that are immunostimulants at very low doses are some alkaloids, quinones, isobutylamides, phenolcarboxylic acid esters and terpenoids [ 39 ] . Other plant compounds with immunostimulatory effects are sesquiterpene lactones [ 40 ] . Many polysaccharides and glycoproteins enhance the unspecific immune system by activating the phagocytotic activity of granulocytes and macrophages, or by inducing cytokine production or influencing complement factors [ 39 ] .
Studies have shown that the sitosterolemic patients hyperabsorb all sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols) and fail to excrete phytosterols into bile [ 3 4 5 6 7 ] . Positional mapping of the STSL locus to human chromosome 2p21 led to the identification of two genes, ATP binding cassette (ABC) half-transporters G5 and G8 that were mutated in affected individuals [ 8 9 10 11 12 ] . The protein products of these two genes (sterolin-1 and sterolin-2 respectively) are thought to form heterodimers to constitute a functional transporter, based primarily on the genetic evidence that affected individuals are either completely mutated in sterolin-1 or sterolin-2, but not both [ 12 ] . More recently, evidence from in vitro expression of these proteins has been presented that these two proteins co-immunoprecipitate, supporting this conclusion [ 13 ] . ABCG5 and ABCG8 appear to be present in all mammalian genomes examined to date and are highly conserved between species, indicating that these genes may have a similar function in other species.
Although similar amounts of cholesterol and plant sterols are present in the typical human diet, the intestine of normal subjects provides an efficient barrier against the absorption of the majority of plant sterols [ 3 ] . On average, < 1-5% of dietary plant sterols are absorbed and retained compared with ~55% of dietary cholesterol [ 3 34 ] . Thus, in healthy individuals, there exists an exquisite mechanism that allows the body to distinguish between cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols.
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