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Example sentences for: pgf
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2α receptor FP [ 35 44 ] . This particular endothelial cell type is unresponsive to PGF 2α treatment [ 35 ] in that PGF 2α treatment does not increase the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [ 35 ] or stimulate well-recognized PGF 2α -responsive intracellular signaling pathways [ 35 36 ] . Lehmann, et al . [ 45 ] recently characterized a predominant cytokeratin-negative endothelial cell type in the bovine CL in addition to a "rare" cytokeratin-positive endothelial cell type.
The methoxime derivative of TXB 2 , PGE 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α was made by treatment with 2% methoxamine hydrochloride in pyridine at 70°C for 60 min, followed by evaporation of the pyridine, addition of water, and extraction with ethyl acetate.
Gonadotropin-induced progesterone production is attenuated by PGF 2α treatment, but this prostanoid does not activate apoptosis of bovine steroidogenic cells in vitro [ 8 ] . These findings helped develop the concept that additional factors, such as immune cells [ 5 6 7 ] or cytokines [ 7 8 ] , contribute to the luteolytic process.
Indeed, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ) and/or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have all been shown to reduce gonadotrophin-induced progesterone synthesis in a number of species [ 8 9 10 11 12 ] , and TNFα and IFNγ are known to increase PGF 2α production by steroidogenic cells [ 13 14 15 ] . Steroidogenic cell apoptotic paradigms are activated by cytokines generated by several cell types within the CL, including immune cells and endothelial cells [ 7 11 16 ] . The synergistic actions of IFNγ and TNFα, for example, induce steroidogenic cell apoptosis [ 13 17 ] , as does soluble Fas ligand (FasL) [ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ] . Furthermore, several acute intracellular signaling events either required for, or associated with, the functional and structural aspects of luteal regression have been mapped using in vitro steroidogenic cell cultures [ 8 27 28 ] .
Prostanoids were measured by modified stable isotope dilution assays that used gas chromatography-negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry as previously described [ 23 ] . Briefly, deuterium-labeled internal standards of PGE 2 , PGF 2α , TXB 2 , and 6-keto-PGF 1α were added to the supernatants with isopropyl alcohol.
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