Words similar to nucleases
Example sentences for: nucleases
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The RDRPs of RNA viruses define one major lineage of nucleic acid polymerases, which additionally includes reverse transcriptases, archaeo-eukaryotic DNA polymerases, and nucleotide cyclases [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 ] . The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of certain bacteriophages, such as T7, and the archaeo-eukaryotic primase (also detected in some bacteria) are divergent derivatives of the same fold [ 11 14 ] . The core catalytic domain of all these enzymes, the so-called "palm" domain, has an RNA-recognition motif (RRM)-like fold with strategically placed metal-coordinating residues, which form the active site [ 11 15 16 ] . In contrast, bacterial DnaG-type primases (also present in archaea and some eukaryotes) contain a polymerase domain of the Rossmann-like TOPRIM fold, which is shared with topoisomerases and OLD-family nucleases [ 17 18 19 ] . The recently solved structures of the DDRPs from yeast and the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus indicate that the β' subunit (according to the subunit nomenclature of Escherichia coli DDRP, which we hereinafter employ to designate all orthologs of the respective E. coli subunits) of these enzymes defines another distinct catalytic scaffold, which is unrelated to any of the above template-dependent RNA polymerases [ 20 21 22 23 24 ] . Additionally, the structural and evolutionary affinities of two other template-dependent RNA polymerases, namely RDRPs involved in PTGS [ 25 26 27 ] and primases of herpesviruses [ 28 ] , remain obscure.
This alignment could be extended to the enzymatic core of three characteristic Mg 2+-dependent endonucleases: the bovine DNAseI [ 29 ] and two apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA-repair endonucleases, i.e. the E. coli Exonuclease III [ 30 ] and the human HAP1 protein [ 31 ] . These nucleases share the same catalytic residues and form a similar four-layered α/β-sandwich motif.
As mentioned before, the N-encapsidated genome-length RNAs are indeed extremely resistant to nucleases, to the extent that formation of such nuclease-resistant RNA products is in fact considered a defining criterion for viral replication in vitro and in vivo [ 32 ] . While the resistance of the viral genomic RNA to dsRNA has important ramifications for antiviral therapy, it is also clear that the dsRNA approach cannot be used against cis -acting NNR viral genomic sequences such as the intergenic regions, for which the cDNA-based approach will continue to be the method of choice [ 16 ] . It is obvious that a creative combination of the two techniques will lead to exciting possibilities in the reverse genetics of RNA viruses and in the antiviral regimen.
It has been suggested in the case of RecT that it may compete with SSB for binding single strand overhangs and thereby make them available for the annealing process [ 3 ] . Similar interactions between other SSAPs and SSB, that probably coats the ssDNA generated by nucleases, appear likely.
These nucleases probably contribute to the repair process, in which SSAPs are involved, by providing the initial break in the dsDNA and/or in digesting the nicked target to generate ssDNA.
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