Words similar to xenobiotics
Example sentences for: xenobiotics
How can you use “xenobiotics” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
However, recent reports indicate that transcription of the p27 Kip1gene can be activated by neuronal differentiation [ 12 ] , treatment with vitamin D3 [ 13 14 ] , interferon and cytokines [ 15 16 17 ] , and exposure to hypoxic conditions [ 18 ] or xenobiotics [ 19 ] . Transcription of the p27 Kip1gene can be negatively regulated by growth factors [ 20 ] and by c-Myc [ 21 ] . Some of the growth factor and cytokine effects on p27 Kip1transcription may be mediated by the forkhead family of transcription factors that appear to be regulated downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway [ 22 23 24 25 ] . The use of alternative promoters leading to multiple transcription start sites, as reported here, suggests an additional type of transcriptional control.
A variety of environmental small molecules, namely, nutrients, xenobiotics and first messengers are recognized by cells, with the help of specialized protein sensors on their surfaces [ 1 2 ] . Additionally cells also use protein-bound small molecules, such as FAD, cinnamic acid, tetrapyrroles and heme as sensors of photons and the ambient redox states [ 3 4 ] . Within cells, small molecules, such as cyclic nucleotides, are used as intracellular messengers to transduce signals arising from a variety of stimuli [ 1 2 ] . Over the past few years a combination of protein sequence analysis and biochemical studies have revealed several unifying principles that govern the recognition of small molecules by cells [ 4 5 6 7 8 9 ] . A significant component of small molecule-protein interactions is mediated via a relatively small set of ancient conserved protein domains that bind their ligands using specialized pockets [ 4 10 ] . Certain protein folds have given rise to several large superfamilies of ligand-binding domains.
There are at least 17 cytochrome p450 gene families (Cyps), with four hepatic types (Cyps 1-4) that metabolize foreign compounds and lipophilic substrates, including hormones, FAs, drugs and xenobiotics.
CES1 is expressed in mature monocytes and macrophages, and is involved in the degradation of xenobiotics [ 15 ] . MMP2 or MMP15, or both, are connective tissue degrading enzymes [ 16 ] . A hypothetical role for MMP2 and MMP15 in the Blau syndrome is that aberrant expression of MMP2 and MMP15 could inappropriately degrade connective tissue, which, in turn, could release stored cytokines and inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins and potentially expose neo-epitopes.
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