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Foodborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in which the vehicle of transmission was identified are few and only one outbreak in Maine was definitively associated with contaminated fresh-pressed apple cider [ 28 ] . Other foodborne outbreaks due to cryptosporidiosis have implicated food handlers [ 29 ] and social events [ 30 31 ] . Person-to-person outbreaks have been better documented, such as those in hospitals [ 32 33 34 35 36 37 ] and day care centers [ 38 39 ] . It is becoming increasingly evident that cryptosporidiosis is one of the multitude of enteric pathogens that is endemic in hospital and day care settings [ 40 41 42 43 ] . Other routes of exposure to Cryptosporidium may be responsible for sporadic disease in the general population such as specific sexual contact with an infected individual [ 44 45 46 ] , travel to endemic countries [ 47 48 49 50 ] , and contact with animals, both domestic and livestock [ 1 2 51 52 ] . Recent studies in Australia have demonstrated that exposure to persons with diarrhea and swimming in public pools rather than consumption of untreated tap water are the sources of community-acquired cryptosporidiosis in that country [ 53 ] . The relative contribution for each of these modes of transmission to the total burden of sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons continues to be unknown in the U.S.
The PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction and PCR-Select Differential Screening Kits (Clontech Laboratories Inc.) were used to enrich for and identify differentially expressed genes in the driver and tester cDNAs [ 48 49 ] . Both forward- and reverse-subtraction were performed; untreated HUVEC cDNA served as driver and VEGF-treated HUVEC cDNA served as tester in the former, whereas untreated HUVEC cDNA served as tester and VEGF-treated HUVEC cDNA served as driver in the latter [ 48 49 ] . Target cDNA fragments were amplified using the Marathon™ cDNA Amplification Kit, subcloned into pCR ®2.
Assays were done in triplicate and consisted of untreated controls, treatment with 50 ng/ml TNF-α and treatment with 0.4 μg/ml CSC.
Specifically, 3H-thymidine uptake in cells treated with 20-2000 nM T was suppressed by the presence of 1 nM RA to an extent that was significantly lower than untreated controls (p < 0.05).
If untreated, rabies is fatal.
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