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A full-length L1 insertion in the genome is approximately 6,000 nucleotides long and consists of a 5' untranslated region (UTR), two open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' UTR terminating in a poly(A) tail [ 11 ] . The second ORF of L1 encodes three domains critical for L1 propagation: endonuclease (EN) [ 12 ] , reverse transcriptase (RT) [ 13 14 ] , and a 3' terminal zinc-finger-like domain [ 15 ] . The EN and RT nick a target site in DNA and reverse transcribe L1 RNA, respectively, to integrate into a new genomic locus [ 12 16 17 18 ] ; this process is known as target-site-primed reverse transcription (TPRT).
Our collective ignorance of the totality of non-coding RNA genes was laid bare by recent work on microRNAs (miRNAs), an abundant family of 21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs [ 2 3 ] . The founding members of this family, lin-4 and let-7, were identified through forward analysis of extant Caenorhabditis elegans mutants [ 4 5 ] . Both of these RNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of developmental timing that function by binding to the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of target genes [ 5 6 7 8 ] . Although they were long regarded as genetic curiosities possibly specific to nematodes, let-7 was subsequently found to be broadly conserved across bilaterian evolution [ 9 ] and miRNA genes are now recognized as a pervasive and widespread feature of animal and plant genomes [ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ] .
The increase in TNF biosynthesis in TTP-deficient mice is associated with increased mRNA stability [ 23 ] . TTP binds to the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region of TNF mRNA, which regulates TNF mRNA turnover in vivo [ 28 ] . The interaction between TTP/TNF and the ARE promotes the turnover of TNF mRNA.
The ESTym59b11 (ATCC clone #409942) clone was confirmed by sequencing a part of exon 31 and exon 32 with the 3' untranslated region of the DLG5 cDNA.
The observation of highly conserved regions in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of a large fraction of mammalian genes [ 23] has been an intriguing mystery.
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