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Example sentences for: triterpenoids
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The inhibitory effect of CDDO on MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, as well as that of Bcl-3, is very encouraging for future applications of triterpenoids in arthritic disease.
The use of Justicia secunda for rashes has been previously recorded [ 52 ] . Different species have yielded steroids, lignans, betaine, triterpenoids, coumarins, dihydrocoumarin, umbelliferone and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid alkaloids and flavonoids [ 90 91 92 ] . Coumarins and flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties [ 38 11 ] . Wounds on Wistar rats treated with organic and aqueous extracts of Justicia pectoralis showed intermediate swelling in comparison to wounds treated with coumarin isolated from the plant extract (least swelling) and the controls [ 93 ] . This study supported local usage for wound-healing properties.
As described in the Introduction, the aim of studying the triterpenoids is to develop a therapeutic agent for the treatment of arthritis.
Triterpenoids are a novel family of steroid-like compounds with weak anti-inflammatory properties [ 18 ] . Synthetic triterpenoids have been produced with the aim of achieving increased potency [ 19 20 ] . 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) is a synthetic triterpenoid that has been shown to inhibit expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 [ 20 21 22 ] . In a recent report, MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression were induced with IL-1, a known pro-inflammatory mediator in vivo in joint tissues [ 23 ] . It was shown that CDDO could inhibit the IL-1-induced expression of these pro-inflammatory MMPs.
Naturally occurring triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, have been found to have mild anti-inflammatory effects [ 18 27 ] . These have been improved with the development of synthetic triterpenoids such as CDDO, offering a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of arthritis and other diseases [ 19 20 21 ] . Furthermore, it has been reported that CDDO at high doses (5-10 μM) can have pro-apoptotic effects, ideal for the treatment of leukemia but of concern with regard to chondrocyte cell death [ 25 26 ] . However, we found that CDDO, at concentrations that decrease MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression (namely 300 nM and 1 μM), did not cause cell death.
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