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Example sentences for: triterpenoids
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utilis) that produce a dose-related increase in the clotting time of blood induced by carpet viper venom ( Echis carinatus ) would be useful against bites from Bothrops species that cause haemorrhage at the point of injection due to the inhibition of the clotting mechanism [ 40 ] . Antivenom compounds so far isolated from plants include protocatechuic acid, a catechin-gallo-catechin tannin, caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, cynarin), coumarins (bergapten), flavonoids (rutin, isoscutellarein, kaempferol, quercetin, hesperidin), ar-turmerone, alkaloids (aristolochic acid), triterpenoids, triterpenes, coumestans (wedelolactone), sterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin), triterpenoid glycosides, alkaloids (allantoin) and lignoflavonoids [ 43 40 44 42 ] . Many relevant compounds are widely distributed nitrogen-free, low molecular weight compounds (except aristolochic acid, an untypical non-basic, nitro-derivative) [ 38 ] . The structural similarities of certain plant chemicals found in plants used for snakebites are an isoflavone skeleton, acidic nature and dioxygenated functionality [ 44 ] .
Triterpenoids are a novel family of steroid-like compounds with weak anti-inflammatory properties [ 18 ] . Synthetic triterpenoids have been produced with the aim of achieving increased potency [ 19 20 ] . 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) is a synthetic triterpenoid that has been shown to inhibit expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 [ 20 21 22 ] . In a recent report, MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression were induced with IL-1, a known pro-inflammatory mediator in vivo in joint tissues [ 23 ] . It was shown that CDDO could inhibit the IL-1-induced expression of these pro-inflammatory MMPs.
As described in the Introduction, the aim of studying the triterpenoids is to develop a therapeutic agent for the treatment of arthritis.
The inhibitory effect of CDDO on MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, as well as that of Bcl-3, is very encouraging for future applications of triterpenoids in arthritic disease.
The use of Justicia secunda for rashes has been previously recorded [ 52 ] . Different species have yielded steroids, lignans, betaine, triterpenoids, coumarins, dihydrocoumarin, umbelliferone and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid alkaloids and flavonoids [ 90 91 92 ] . Coumarins and flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties [ 38 11 ] . Wounds on Wistar rats treated with organic and aqueous extracts of Justicia pectoralis showed intermediate swelling in comparison to wounds treated with coumarin isolated from the plant extract (least swelling) and the controls [ 93 ] . This study supported local usage for wound-healing properties.
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