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Example sentences for: triterpenoids
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Triterpenoids are a novel family of steroid-like compounds with weak anti-inflammatory properties [ 18 ] . Synthetic triterpenoids have been produced with the aim of achieving increased potency [ 19 20 ] . 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) is a synthetic triterpenoid that has been shown to inhibit expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 [ 20 21 22 ] . In a recent report, MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression were induced with IL-1, a known pro-inflammatory mediator in vivo in joint tissues [ 23 ] . It was shown that CDDO could inhibit the IL-1-induced expression of these pro-inflammatory MMPs.
As described in the Introduction, the aim of studying the triterpenoids is to develop a therapeutic agent for the treatment of arthritis.
The inhibitory effect of CDDO on MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression, as well as that of Bcl-3, is very encouraging for future applications of triterpenoids in arthritic disease.
utilis) that produce a dose-related increase in the clotting time of blood induced by carpet viper venom ( Echis carinatus ) would be useful against bites from Bothrops species that cause haemorrhage at the point of injection due to the inhibition of the clotting mechanism [ 40 ] . Antivenom compounds so far isolated from plants include protocatechuic acid, a catechin-gallo-catechin tannin, caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, cynarin), coumarins (bergapten), flavonoids (rutin, isoscutellarein, kaempferol, quercetin, hesperidin), ar-turmerone, alkaloids (aristolochic acid), triterpenoids, triterpenes, coumestans (wedelolactone), sterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin), triterpenoid glycosides, alkaloids (allantoin) and lignoflavonoids [ 43 40 44 42 ] . Many relevant compounds are widely distributed nitrogen-free, low molecular weight compounds (except aristolochic acid, an untypical non-basic, nitro-derivative) [ 38 ] . The structural similarities of certain plant chemicals found in plants used for snakebites are an isoflavone skeleton, acidic nature and dioxygenated functionality [ 44 ] .
Naturally occurring triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, have been found to have mild anti-inflammatory effects [ 18 27 ] . These have been improved with the development of synthetic triterpenoids such as CDDO, offering a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of arthritis and other diseases [ 19 20 21 ] . Furthermore, it has been reported that CDDO at high doses (5-10 μM) can have pro-apoptotic effects, ideal for the treatment of leukemia but of concern with regard to chondrocyte cell death [ 25 26 ] . However, we found that CDDO, at concentrations that decrease MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression (namely 300 nM and 1 μM), did not cause cell death.
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