Words similar to retinoic
Example sentences for: retinoic
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The HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line responds in culture to sub-micromolar concentrations of retinoic acid ( all-trans and 13-cis ) by undergoing terminal differentiation to a granulocytic cell with the ability to phagocytose and reduce nitroblue tetrazolium [ 28 ] . The response to retinoic acid in HL-60 cells is dependent on the expression of the retinoic acid receptor RAR α [ 29 ] . The use of all-trans retinoic acid in differentiation therapy for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia has resulted in prolonged, complete remissions when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy, and may provide complete, long-term remissions as a single agent [ 30 ] .
This cell has been characterized extensively and differentiates into skeletal and cardiac muscle or neuronal cells, depending on whether it is treated with DMSO or retinoic acid (RA) respectively [ 23, 24, 25].
Several enzymes, including isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase, ALDH, and cytochrome P450 (CYP), recently have been shown to be involved in the formation of retinoic acid from retinol and retinal [ 7 8 ] . The purification, cloning, and characterization of several ALDH enzymes which efficiently catalyze the oxidation of retinal (Figure 1A) has suggested that regulation of retinoic acid formation could be a key physiologic role for these enzymes.
Our results suggest an intriguing possibility that regulation of retinoic acid formation in the HL-60 cells, and the subsequent terminal differentiation to granulocytes, could be mediated by one enzymatic acitivy, e.g. a CYP-mediated oxidation of retinal, whereas regulation of retinoic acid formation in the hematopoietic stem cells, and the subsequent maintenance of the self-renewal capacity of the hematopoietic stem cells, is mediated by ALDH1A1 oxidation of retinal (Figure 3).
The collection of results demonstrating that retinal is an excellent substrate for ALDH1A1 in vitro , that ALDH1A1 is responsible for the synthesis of retinoic acid in the cranial tissues of the mouse embryo, and that hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by high expression of ALDH1A1, have led to the hypothesis that the oxidation of retinal to retinoic acid is a key physiologic role for ALDH1A1 in hematopoietic stem cells.
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