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Example sentences for: rdrps
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One class of substrates of the extant eukaryotic RDRPs are small RNAs, such as microRNAs and stRNAs [ 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 ] , and analogous small RNAs have been identified in bacteria [ 91 92 93 94 ] . Given that small RNAs are likely to have been abundant in the hypothetical ancient RNA world, RDRPs might have been involved in the replication of such RNAs since an early stage of evolution.
Taken together, all these observations point to a scenario for the origin of the RDRP, under which the RDRPs and the YRHs diverged from the DDRPs at a stage of evolution that succeeded the divergence of the DPBB domains of the β and β' subunits (Fig.
In contrast to the ubiquitous DDRP, cellular RDRPs that are involved in PTGS so far have been detected only in eukaryotes [ 1 26 ] . The PTGS phenomenon covers a variety of complementarity-dependent silencing pathways, such as RNA interference (RNAi) in animals and slime mold, co-suppression (silencing of transgene and the corresponding endogenous genes) and virus gene resistance in plants, and quelling in fungi, all of which share a common mechanism of RNA turnover [ 28 37 38 39 40 ] . Essentially, double-stranded (ds) RNA, which is formed in these processes, triggers the activation of a sequence-specific RNA degradation system, which targets homologous RNAs [ 41 42 ] . The dsRNA is broken down by the Dicer enzyme into 21-25 nucleotide (nt) fragments called small interfering RNA or siRNAs [ 43 44 45 ] . The siRNAs subsequently associate with a complex of proteins called RISC and target homologous RNA by serving as guides for multiple rounds of RNA cleavage [ 45 46 ] .
Among extant biological entities, these polymerases are encoded largely by RNA viruses and retroid viruses, but a reverse transcriptase had been recruited by eukaryotes as the catalytic subunit of the telomerase [ 98 99 ] . There seems to be a distinct possibility that both classes of RDRPs are vestiges of the ancient RNA world that have been largely displaced from cellular biochemical machinery at an early stage of evolution, because of the deleterious effects of RNA replication in DNA-based organisms, while surviving in selfish genetic elements.
To investigate the evolutionary affinities of the RDRPs, we carefully examined the results of BLAST searches of the non-redundant (NR) protein sequence database (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda) for various RDRP sequences.
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