Words similar to proteoglycan
Example sentences for: proteoglycan
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The selective suppression of Th1 cell activity is believed to be due to IL-10 inhibition of IL-12, a differentiation factor for Th1 cells [ 11 12 ] . The release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by macrophages is also suppressed by IL-10 [ 13 14 ] . In addition, IL-10 stimulates the production of cytokine inhibitors such as IL-1 receptor antagonist [ 15 ] . In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, IL-10 is produced by synovial membrane cells and is found at high levels in the synovial fluid [ 16 17 ] . It has been shown that suppression of IL-10 production by synovial cells is associated with increased levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, suggesting that IL-10 plays a suppressive role in rheumatoid arthritis joints [ 16 ] . It was also observed that IL-10 directly stimulated proteoglycan synthesis and reversed the cartilage degradation induced by activated mononuclear cells [ 18 ] . These immunosuppressive activities indicate that IL-10 is a potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases.
Cartilage is primarily composed of type II collagen and proteoglycan, which are synthesized by the chondrocytes.
5 × 10 4) with 1 μg/ml soluble anti-CD3 for 3 days or 50 μg/ml proteoglycan for 5 days, and T-cell proliferation was determined by [ 3H]thymidine incorporation.
Note that T cells from proteoglycan-immunized CD28-deficient mice proliferate in response to proteoglycan stimulation, albeit at a rate lower than that in wild-type T cells (Fig.
However, CD28-deficient T cells from proteoglycan-immunized animals can proliferate in response to proteoglycan stimulation in vitro , albeit at a rate lower than that in wild-type T cells, which is consistent with the report by Oliveira-dos-Santos et al . [ 30 ] . It has been demonstrated that, in the absence of CD28 engagement, T cells require very high TCR occupancy and prolonged stimulation, whereas CD28 costimulation allows T cells to respond to lower degrees of TCR occupancy [ 30 31 ] . In support of this observation, CD28 -/-mice can still mount immune responses, which vary in magnitude and efficiency depending on the antigen or infectious agent [ 30 32 ] . Our results and those reported by others [ 30 ] suggest that CD28 may regulate the threshold for T-cell activation.
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