Words similar to mutagens
Example sentences for: mutagens
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APEs are essential for mammalian cell growth and bacterial survival in the presence of ionizing radiation and DNA mutagens [ 6 ] . They initiate repair of an abasic DNA site by cleaving the phosphodiester backbone 5' of the phosphodeoxyribose.
There are a growing number of studies in which mutagens, such as ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil, are applied to viral infections in vitro and in vivo, including HIV, in the hope that these will induce so many deleterious mutations that the virus suffers an error catastrophe and is cleared (Loeb et al.
The mutagens permit direct selection of clones in which cellular genes have been disrupted and simplify the characterisation of genes associated with recessive mutations [ 1 ] . Mutagenesis of embryo-derived stem (ES) cells, coupled with in vitro genetic screens, has been widely used to analyse gene functions in mice [ 1 ] . These have included screens for mutations in developmentally regulated genes [ 2 3 4 5 ] , in genes regulated by extracellular agonists [ 6 7 ] , and in genes encoding secreted and transmembrane proteins [ 8 9 ] . Characterized mutations include genes involved in intracellular trafficking [ 10 ] , transcriptional regulation [ 11 12 ] , signal transduction [ 7 8 11 13 14 15 ] , neural development [ 16 ] and neural wiring [ 17 ] , and axial patterning [ 18 19 ] . The rapid expansion of the nucleic acid databases has had a tremendous impact on the identification of genes disrupted by gene entrapment.
Selection for U3 gene expression generates clones in which the provirus is positioned in or near exons of actively transcribed genes and is expressed on transcripts originating in the flanking cellular DNA [ 25 ] . The vectors appear to be effective mutagens.
Several methods are available to assay discontinuities in DNA, and for many applications, one of the several current methods may suffice [ 30 ] [ 31 32 33 34 35 36 ] . DNA backbone interruptions are key intermediates in genetic metabolism [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 42 ] [ 43 ] . Chemotherapy [ 44 ] , ionizing radiation [ 45 ] and dietary mutagens [ 46 ] also cause distributed DNA strand interruptions [ 47 ] . Chemical modifications [ 48 49 50 ] [ 51 ] need not break the DNA backbone to impede the progress of DNA polymerase.
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