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Example sentences for: hla
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Epidemiologically, HLA genotype partially accounts for inter-patient variation in disease severity or progression rates for such long-term viral infections as HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1), and hepatitis B and C [ 5 6 7 8 9 ] . Such associations can lead to mechanistic studies to test hypotheses about the immunologic basis of these associations [ 10 11 ] and could, in principle, be used to help predict individual prognoses [ 12 13 ] . At least one clinical study has shown that HLA genotype affects the immune response to a candidate HIV vaccine [ 14 ] . Vaccine designers have begun to take account of the HLA genotypes of potential recipients in choosing antigens for inclusion in a vaccine [ 15 ] , and it has been suggested that HLA genotype be considered in designing samples for inclusion in epidemiologic studies of anti-HIV immune response [ 12 ] . In evolutionary biology, the possibility that HLA heterozygotes are more resistant to infectious diseases is the basis for a leading hypothesis to explain the unparalleled diversity of HLA genes (and MHC genes in other vertebrates) and the maintenance of this diversity over long periods of evolutionary time [ 16 ] .
Disparity of Immunoglobulin Phenotype in Family Members with Same HLA Haplotype
Recently, the clinical features and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations of a well-characterized cohort of patients with synovitis of recent onset were presented [ 26].
CD has a strong genetic association with the HLA class II DQ2 genotype composed of the DQA1*05 and DQB1*02 alleles [ 14 ] . However, the HLA association alone is insufficient to explain the hereditary nature of the disease, and is estimated to explain less than half the sibling risk [ 15 16 17 18 ] . There appears to be genetic heterogeneity, implying that more than one additional gene is involved in the disease.
Dominance of particular HLA alleles conferring resistance, and/or recessiveness of susceptibility (poor outcome) alleles, have been documented for schistosomiasis [ 24 ] , leprosy [ 25 ] , acute lymphoblastic leukemia (for which an infectious cause is hypothesized) [ 26 ] , and hepatitis B (in this case the outcome was vaccine responsiveness) [ 27 ] .
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