Words similar to gonadotropin
Example sentences for: gonadotropin
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The pig granulosa cell line PGC-2 was obtained from Bruce Downey (McGill University) and maintained in culture in McCoy's modified 5A medium supplemented with 10% FBS, as described previously in detail [ 19 ] . PGC-2 cells have been well-characterized with respect to steroidogenic capability, cAMP response, and gonadotropin insensitivity [ 19 ] . Here, PGC-2 were seeded at a density of approximately 5 × 10 5cells/ml of serum-containing medium in 24-well tissue culture plates.
Yet, elevated maternal mid-trimester chorionic gonadotropin is associated with fetal cerebral blood flow redistribution and adverse perinatal outcome [ 63 ] . In addition, estrogens, which are known to cause a diminution of high LH levels in postmenopausal women, have been reported to be effective in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease [ 72 73 74 ] . Microglia belong among cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system [ 75 ] . Since CG increases secretion of a variety of cytokines by monocytes, and induces their inflammatory reaction and phagocytic activity [ 76 77 78 79 ] , high LH levels in aging individuals may also activate resident macrophages in the central nervous system and contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease and other inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
They are not secreted from cells, but remain trapped intracellularly [ 18 ] . In addition to various glycosylated LHR variants, western blotting also yielded a 170 kDa band representing an LHR dimer [ 19 ] . LH binds to LHR variants with different affinities, and highest affinity appears to be associated with the fully glycosylated receptor (~90 kDa) [ 19 ] . Chorionic gonadotropin (CG), which is important for corpus luteum (CL) rescue and maintenance of pregnancy, also binds to LHR, although with a 10-fold lower binding affinity compared with that of LH [ 20 ] .
Chloride channels or chloride ions are known to influence cAMP-stimulated steroidogenesis by adrenal cells [ 29 ] , human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated steroidogenesis by amphibian follicle-enclosed oocytes [ 56 ] , as well as LH-stimulated steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells [ 29 ] , MA-10 cells [ 59 ] , and chicken GC [ 35 ] . In mammalian cells, removal of extracellular chloride stimulates basal and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent steroid hormone production by increasing the expression of StAR and potentiating the effects of submaximal concentrations of cAMP [ 29 59 ] . The proposed mechanism of action involves chloride efflux, depolarization of the mitochondrial and plasma membranes, and alterations to protein synthesis and cholesterol transport [ 29 59 ] .
Male and non-pregnant, non-lactating female outpatients were eligible for study enrollment if they were at least 18 years of age; had HIV-1 infection documented by HIV-1 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by Western blot test, positive HIV-1 culture, positive HIV-1 serum antigen, or plasma viremia; and CD4+ cell counts ≥ 50/mm 3. Women of childbearing potential had to have a negative serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) pregnancy test at screening, and had to be willing to use an adequate method of contraception during the study.
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