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Example sentences for: disrupted
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Third, we grew 54 independent liquid cultures of the heterozygotes in nonselective medium and then selected for cells that were Arg +and Ura +. Uracil prototrophy requires restitution of the integrity of the disrupted ura3 gene of the UAU1 cassette by recombination between the overlapping regions of the ura3Δ3' and ura3Δ5' fragments with excision of the intervening ARG4 gene [ 16 ] . If CaCET1 were nonessential, then recombination of UAU1 into the second copy of CaCET1 (to generate cacet1::UAU1/cacet1::UAU1 ) followed by excisional recombination of ARG4 in one allele to restore URA3 (generating cacet1::UAU1/cacet1::URA3 ) would result in the selected Arg +Ura +phenotype with complete loss of the wild-type CaCET1 locus.
The mutagens permit direct selection of clones in which cellular genes have been disrupted and simplify the characterisation of genes associated with recessive mutations [ 1 ] . Mutagenesis of embryo-derived stem (ES) cells, coupled with in vitro genetic screens, has been widely used to analyse gene functions in mice [ 1 ] . These have included screens for mutations in developmentally regulated genes [ 2 3 4 5 ] , in genes regulated by extracellular agonists [ 6 7 ] , and in genes encoding secreted and transmembrane proteins [ 8 9 ] . Characterized mutations include genes involved in intracellular trafficking [ 10 ] , transcriptional regulation [ 11 12 ] , signal transduction [ 7 8 11 13 14 15 ] , neural development [ 16 ] and neural wiring [ 17 ] , and axial patterning [ 18 19 ] . The rapid expansion of the nucleic acid databases has had a tremendous impact on the identification of genes disrupted by gene entrapment.
Sequences derived from hnRNPA2/B1 sequences downstream of the site of integration also hybridized to the 1.8 kb transcript in both wild type and 1B4 homozygous mice indicating that transcription of full-length hnRNP A2/B1 transcripts is not completely disrupted by the 1B4 provirus.
Cell–cell conjugates were disrupted by washing the cells with PBS supplemented with 0.02% azide and 0.5 mM EDTA, and mixed vigorously, then stained with additional Abs.
The E2F/RBF complex has to be disrupted for E2F to drive cells into S phase and E2F degradation occurs after the G1/S phase transition which only happens after E2F has been released from its association with RBF.
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