Words similar to defective
Example sentences for: defective
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To make expression of kinase defective IGF-I receptors in different cell lines more tractable, we generated pseudotyped retroviruses expressing either the kinase-defective (MK) or wild-type (WT) IGF-I receptors.
BCL 1 .3B3 cells were infected with defective retroviruses expressing wildtype or (K395A/3F) mutant Syk.
Runx genes encode the sequence-specific DNA binding subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, the defining feature of which is the Runt domain, a highly conserved 128 amino acid sequence involved in DNA binding, heterodimerization, nucleotide binding, and nuclear localization [ 1 2 ] . The Runt domain is named after the first member of the family to be discovered, the regulatory gene runt from Drosophila melanogaster . Runx genes have also been discovered and functionally characterized in mammals, sea urchins and nematodes, and in general are involved in the transcriptional control of developmental processes [ 3 4 ] . In humans, mutations in each of the three Runx genes are associated with disease caused by defective control of cell proliferation and/or differentiation [ 4 5 ] . Most studies of Runx gene function and regulation have been carried out in mammals and in D. melanogaster , each of which has multiple Runx genes.
The reduced expression of these cytokines in Hoxa3 +/- Pax1 -/-compound mutants could be an indirect effect of defective TEC differentiation, or could be direct downstream targets since both Hoxa3 and Pax1 are expressed in fetal thymus [ 54 55 ] . Comparison of the Hoxa3 +/- Pax1 -/-phenotype with those of cytokine mutants do not reveal many similarities [ 30 46 56 57 58 59 60 61 ] , probably because of the simultaneous reductions in multiple cytokines in the Hoxa3 +/- Pax1 -/-mutants.
BMP4 has been implicated in ductal budding and branching during prostate development [ 24 ] and a potential role of BMP4 in external genital development has also been postulated [ 25 ] . DWnt2 has been found to have roles in sex-specific cell determination in the gonads and genital disc of Drosophila [ 26 ] . Thus, mutations in genes characteristically expressed in normal male foreskin fibroblasts can, in some cases, lead to defective genital development.
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