Words similar to ctla-
Example sentences for: ctla-
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There was no significant difference between levels of CTLA-4 expression in the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells from each group (Fig.
Recently, a subset of CD4 +T cells was identified that is present on 5-10% of CD4 +T cells in normal naïve mice and expresses CD25 (the α-chain of IL-2 receptor) [ 4 5 ] . Functional analysis of murine CD4 +CD25 +T cells showed that those cells, which constitutively express cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 [ 6 7 8 ] , fail to proliferate or secret cytokines in response to polyclonal or antigen-specific stimulation, but inhibit the activation of conventional responsive T cells [ 1 2 3 8 9 ] . The suppressive activity of the CD4 +CD25 +T cells depends on signaling via the negative regulator of T-cell activation CTLA-4 [ 7 ] and requires a cell-cell interaction that possibly involves cell surface bound transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 [ 1 10 ] . It has been shown that B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the development and homeostasis of the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells [ 6 ] , which play critical roles not only in preventing autoimmunity but also in controlling tumor immunity and transplantation tolerance [ 2 11 ] .
CTLA-4 may transduce an activating signal to CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells [ 2 ] . Although we did not detect any significant decrease in numbers of the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells between proteoglycan-immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, this might be due to reduced expression of CTLA-4 in the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells from proteoglycan-immunized BALB/c mice.
These include using various adjuvants, such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant and immunomodulatory agents, such as IL-12 [4], GM-CSF [5], anti-CTLA-4 Abs [35], or heat shock proteins [36].
06)] [ 21 ] . We did not find evidence for linkage with the CTLA-4 polymorphism.
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