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Example sentences for: utrs
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Alternative transcripts supported by EST evidence and UTRs were annotated.
It is possible however, that our in silico approach may have missed some genes, in particular those with small ORFs and/or large 5-prime and/or 3-prime UTRs [ 39 ] . As dbEST expands over the next few years, new genes may be identified with repeated in silico searches, or with biophysical approaches such as cDNA hybridization [ 40 ] , exon trapping [ 41 ] and amplification [ 42 ] , or by identification of evolutionary conserved sequences [ 43 ] and HTF islands [ 44 ] .
Our collective ignorance of the totality of non-coding RNA genes was laid bare by recent work on microRNAs (miRNAs), an abundant family of 21-22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs [ 2 3 ] . The founding members of this family, lin-4 and let-7, were identified through forward analysis of extant Caenorhabditis elegans mutants [ 4 5 ] . Both of these RNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of developmental timing that function by binding to the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of target genes [ 5 6 7 8 ] . Although they were long regarded as genetic curiosities possibly specific to nematodes, let-7 was subsequently found to be broadly conserved across bilaterian evolution [ 9 ] and miRNA genes are now recognized as a pervasive and widespread feature of animal and plant genomes [ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ] .
Finally, alignment of protein sequence to genomic DNA cannot predict untranslated regions (UTRs), and the leading ab initio gene prediction programs (Genscan [ 11], GlimmerM [ 12], Genemark.HMM [ 13]) have great difficulty predicting UTRs; most of them predict only the coding portion of a transcript.
Many Drosophila genes have large introns in their 5' UTRs and these introns may not be detected if the cDNA clone from which the EST is derived is not full length; this will lead to frequent placement of the annotated TSSs too close to the ORF.
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