Words similar to transgenics
Example sentences for: transgenics
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As fewer hypertrophic cells are present in Hoxc-8 transgenics, and cartilage maturation is delayed in Hoxc-8transgenic animals [ 1 ] , one would expect to see decreased Collagen X mRNA levels [ 27 ] . Yet, the data clearly indicate that mRNA expression is elevated in transgenic rib chondrocytes.
Moreover, because the transgene is introduced into the hprt locus its expression is dependent upon the inclusion of specific transcriptional regulatory elements and remains relatively unaffected by the local chromatin environment [ 2 ] . A major advantage of this targeted transgenic approach compared to traditional transgenics is that transgene expression is predictable so expression at ectopic sites is largely avoided.
As shown in Figure 8, Hoxc-8 expression is elevated in Hoxc-8 transgenic mice, as expected [ 23 ] . Differences also exist between controls and transgenics in expression levels for several genes involved in cartilage development.
In order to determine if cyclin D 1 plays a role in this hyperplasia, kidneys from three proteinuric 40-day old transgenic siblings and three non-transgenic littermates were stained by immunohistochemistry with antibody to phospho-pRb (Ser780), a site of cyclin D 1 /CDK-4/6 phosphorylation not targeted by cyclin E/CDK-2 complexes that disrupts pRb/E2F binding for G 1 → S progression [ 24 ] . Figure 1depicts the intense, heterogeneous nuclear staining of glomerular podocytes and tubular epithelium from hyperplastic nephrons in the diseased transgenics versus the absent staining of nephrons in the non-transgenics consistent with the very low mitotic index in normal kidneys of adult animals [ 26 ] . This suggests that cyclin D 1 is promoting cell-cycle progression during the proliferation of epithelium in diseased kidneys.
We believe that applying a combination of biophysical measures of conductivity to transgenics involving each of the AQPs, and combinations of several AQPs, represents the most promising approach to the fundamental unanswered questions about general and individual AQP functions.
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