Words similar to transduces
Example sentences for: transduces
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Two molecular loci recently have been implicated as potential modulators of GnRH receptor signaling: one is the receptor itself [ 23 ] , and the other is the G protein that transduces the signal generated by binding of the receptor to its agonist [ 9 ] . With respect to the former locus, G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) act in an agonist-specific manner to phosphorylate intracellular regions of the receptor thus permitting β arrestin binding that sterically inhibits G protein association with the receptor [ 1 45 ] . We have reported previously that experimental expression of GRKs in GnRH receptor-expressing heterologous cells (COS-1) suppressed GnRH-stimulated IP 3 production, and that co-expression of GRK2 and β-arrestin 2 suppressed GnRH receptor signaling more than that of either alone [ 23 ] . Stronger evidence that the GRK/β arrestin paradigm may play a role in regulating GnRH receptor signaling is our recent finding that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of GRK2 into normal pituitary gonadotropes suppressed GnRH-stimulated LH secretion and IP 3 production [ 31 ] . However, no evidence has been presented for a direct interaction between β-arrestin and the GnRH receptor.
However, they are consistent with the prevailing model in which Wg forms a trimeric complex with Arr and DFz2 that transduces a signal through Dsh to activate LEF/TCF-responsive promoters.
For instance, RGS4 and RGS-GAIP [ 11 ] , RGS3 [ 9 ] , RGS2 [ 46 ] , and RGS7 (our unpublished findings) all bind Gqα, the established G protein that transduces GnRH receptor signaling [ 38 ] . Nevertheless, RGS2 and 4 [ 9 ] , and RGS-GAIP and RGS7 (our unpublished data) are weak or null inhibitors of GnRH receptor signaling.
A PAS domain has been reported in the transcription factor PIF3 from Arabidopsis, which interacts with a phytochrome photoreceptor and transduces light signals to photoresponsive plant genes [ 44].
Mancini et al . reported that caspase-2 was localized at the Golgi complex and generated a unique cleavage product of golgin-160 [ 29 ] . Furthermore, these investigators proposed that the Golgi complex transduces proapoptotic signals [ 29 ] . A precedent for this hypothesis was provided by Nakagawa et al ., who reported that caspase-12 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and mediates an endoplasmic reticulum-specific apoptosis pathway [ 33 ] . In the present study, we have found that all Golgi autoantigens examined were cleaved in apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, as evidenced by studies showing that the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk completely blocked the apoptotic fragmentation of these antigens.
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