Words similar to trans-silencing
Example sentences for: trans-silencing
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The trans-silencers as well as their targets reside in single-copy, gene-rich regions that are only sparsely populated with repetitive or transposable elements, features that have been shown to mediate epigenetic activity in other cases [ 18 31 32 ] . Therefore trans-silencing of GFP-COP1 is probably not mediated by transgene flanking sequences [ 27 ] . In contrast, as with other genes cited above, trans-silencing ability is correlated with transgene locus structure, given that the C73 and C97 trans-silencers contain multiple T-DNAs while their targets, E82 and L91, are essentially dimeric and monomeric, respectively.
PTGS and trans-silencing are similarly intertwined in other cases, for example in the epimutable petunia CHS41 locus [ 10 ] . PTGS often leads to DNA methylation, although primarily in coding regions [ 35 ] . However, DNA methylation of promoters, more easily aligned with transcriptional silencing, can be RNA mediated if suitable double stranded RNA versions of the promoter sequence are transcribed, either fortuitously or by design [ 36 37 38 39 40 ] . Therefore, there may be a natural tendency for PTGS loci to mature to TGS and associated trans-silencing, which in turn could prove problematic in applying PTGS in commercial plant breeding programs.
The methylation status of the maize r1 genes and Arabidopsis PAI genes is altered upon paramutation [ 12 19 ] , while that of maize b1 is not [ 1 ] , except, in the non-conventional way, in the distal paramutation-control region of b1 [ 18 ] . Conversely, extensive exposure of a wild-type Arabidopsis SUPERMAN allele to a heavily methylated and transcriptionally silenced epiallele did not reveal any trans-silencing [ 20 ] .
These results underscore the similarity between trans-silencing and paramutation, because in both cases epialleles are often silenced incompletely and may also adopt novel regulatory patterns [ 4 10 ] , for example light inducibility [ 33 ] . Perhaps, silencing at the dimeric E82 locus involves a hierarchical relationship between its two intact T-DNAs.
In these cases one master locus tends to suppress the expression of its target locus ('trans-silencing') [ 7 8 9 10 11 ] . Paramutation and trans-silencing are related processes.
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