Words similar to suppressive
Example sentences for: suppressive
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Study-defined criteria for therapy failure of a previously suppressive regimen were met by 4/21 patients in the continuous therapy/single interruption arm (patients S37, S47, S52, and S59) in association with self-reported nonadherence to therapy and detection of resistance mutations in phase I, as listed in Table 2. One patient in the repeated interruptions arm (1/21; patient S56) failed therapy after 20 wk following the third TI by maintaining a viral load between 50 and 999 copies/ml in the presence of previously undetected resistance mutations.
The cell growth and tumor suppressive activity of pRB is regulated by its phosphorylation state.
Recently, a subset of CD4 +T cells was identified that is present on 5-10% of CD4 +T cells in normal naïve mice and expresses CD25 (the α-chain of IL-2 receptor) [ 4 5 ] . Functional analysis of murine CD4 +CD25 +T cells showed that those cells, which constitutively express cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 [ 6 7 8 ] , fail to proliferate or secret cytokines in response to polyclonal or antigen-specific stimulation, but inhibit the activation of conventional responsive T cells [ 1 2 3 8 9 ] . The suppressive activity of the CD4 +CD25 +T cells depends on signaling via the negative regulator of T-cell activation CTLA-4 [ 7 ] and requires a cell-cell interaction that possibly involves cell surface bound transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 [ 1 10 ] . It has been shown that B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the development and homeostasis of the CD4 +CD25 +regulatory T cells [ 6 ] , which play critical roles not only in preventing autoimmunity but also in controlling tumor immunity and transplantation tolerance [ 2 11 ] .
COX-2 is an inducible enzyme upregulated in inflammatory states [ 20 21 ] . Notably, many NSCLC and what have been characterized as "premalignant" lung lesions have been shown to constitutively express the COX-2 enzyme and produce prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), the primary product of the COX-2 pathway [ 22 23 24 25 26 ] . Importantly, PGE-2 production by tumor cells has been linked to tumor-induced immunosuppression in NSCLC [ 2 3 4 5 ] . PGE-2 has been shown to directly suppress T cell mediated immunity, the primary effector against tumor cells, at a variety of levels [ 2 3 4 5 6 7 ] . Further, PGE-2 has been shown to induce the IL10 in mononuclear cells [ 4 5 ] . IL10 is a prominent immunosuppressive cytokine that may have a dominant role in preventing innate antitumor responses in the NSCLC environment [ 2 3 4 5 ] , [ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ] . Among myriad suppressive effects on T cells and antigen presenting cells, IL10 is known to inhibit IL12 production [ 14 15 16 17 18 ] . IL12 plays a key role in the initiation and potentiation of cellular immune responses and alteration of the IL12 producing function in circulating mononuclear phagocytes may be a critical factor in suppressed T cell immunity to NSCLC [ 27 28 ] .
In contrast, in the PAI gene family, combining the master locus (WS ecotype PAI1/PAI4 ) with a non-allelic singlet target locus possessing 100% sequence identity (Columbia PAI2 ) resulted in methylation after two generations of heterozygous contact, and methylation became more pronounced after another two generations [ 12 ] . Likewise, in the petunia CHS gene family, interaction between an epiallele of the direct-repeat locus, CHS41, with two types of target loci, either an unlinked inverted repeat locus or a more naïve allele of CHS41, was initially additive and only became suppressive in the second generation [ 4 10 ] .
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