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Example sentences for: reductases
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A simple phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the arsenate reductases of seven Bacteria (those that had been confirmed to possess the gene at that time) was presented as part of a study that identified the arsenic resistance genes of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (now Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans ) [ 27 ] . Saltikov and Olson [ 28 ] used probes/primers based on the E. coli ars operon to detect ars genes in natural environments, and presented a phylogenetic analysis of these genes, however their analysis was largely confined to enteric bacteria (those that were similar enough to E. coli to be detected) and they emphasized the arsB gene rather than arsC . As part of a review of microbial arsenic transformations, we recently determined a preliminary arsC phylogeny based on 19 sequences [ 29 ] . These three studies reported phylogenies that suggested a common origin for the ars genes examined [ 27 28 29 ] . An alternative view suggested by Mukhopadhyay et al.
Pietrokovski's webpage on inteins http://blocks.fhcrc.org/~pietro/inteins/currently lists more than 100 inteins in 34 different types of proteins [ 9 ] . The host proteins are diverse in function, including metabolic enzymes, DNA and RNA polymerases, gyrases, proteases, ribonucleotide reductases, and vacuolar and archaeal type ATPases.
Amino acid sequences of the confirmed bacterial arsenate reductases (12 total) were initially aligned automatically using the Fast Aligner function of ARB Edit 4.1, and then manually adjusted to ensure that secondary structure considerations of the arsenate reductase protein were met.
At a basic level, these broad groupings of arsC correspond to the three distinct classes of arsenate reductases that others have observed [ 30 ] , and these three groups had low sequence similarity to each other (less than 33% similarity between the Bacteria and Archaea/Eukarya, and 48% similarity between the two major bacterial groups).
Either placement had poor bootstrap support, and given the relatively low sequence homology of this clade to either of the other major bacterial arsC groups (50% similarity to the Low GC Gram positives, 40% similarity to the Enterobacteriales/α-Proteobacteria group) we suspect that this group might represent a fourth distinct group of arsenate reductases, making its placement in a binary tree difficult.
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