Words similar to raf
Example sentences for: raf
How can you use “raf” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Four hundred EPKs could be associated with a Human Genome Organization (HUGO) Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) [ 55] name (such as MAPgK11, RAF1 or PRKCM) or description that implies previous knowledge about the potential function or subfamily membership of the sequence.
These genes belong to receptor, co-receptor, and co-activator pathways that are part of serine/threonine receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) cascade, which control proliferative and/or differentiation signals.
Virus infectivity can be enhanced by treatment of cells with MAPK stimulators, such as serum and phorbol myristate acetate, as well as by coexpression of constitutively activated Ras, Raf, or MEK in the absence of extracellular stimulation [ 61 ] . Also, following infection, efficient disengagement of the reverse transcription complex from the cell membrane and subsequent nuclear translocation, requires phosphorylation of the reverse transcription complex components by ERK/MAPK; demonstrating a critical regulation of an early step in HIV-1 infection by the host cell MAPK signal transduction pathway [ 62 ] . Therefore, Tat down-regulation of the MAPK pathway in latent cells implies that much of the host signal transductions connected to activation are down-regulated, and at the same time, these cells may be refractory to subsequent infection by other viruses.
A common intermediate pathway initiating from receptors to the nucleus is the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) cascade, which can result in the phosphorylation and activation of additional downstream kinases and transcription factors such as p90Rsk, CREB, Elk, and Egr-1 [ 55 56 ] . Therefore, it is intriguing that Tat expressing cells show down-regulation of MAPK components (Table 3, Figure 3Band 3C), essential mediators between receptors and nuclear transcription factors.
The MAPK acts by stimulating AP-1 and a subsequent physical and functional interaction of AP-1 with NF-κB, resulting in a complex that synergistically transactivates the HIV-1 [ 60 ] . At the level of infection and entry, the activation of MAPK through the Ras/Raf/MEK (MAPK kinase) signaling pathway enhances the infectivity of HIV-1 virions.
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