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Example sentences for: purifying
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Combining this information with the observations that recently duplicated genes evolve under purifying selection ([ 21] and our present work), it seems reasonable to hypothesize that a majority of duplicated genes that achieve fixation in a population increase fitness when present in two or more copies in a genome and thus are subject to purifying selection from the moment of duplication.
Third, the possibility exists that, even if many of the observed interactions are functionally important and, by inference, the respective binding sites are subject to purifying selection, the binding sites for different partners tend to overlap such that the number of amino residues in these sites increases only slowly with the increase in the numbers of interactions.
Furthermore, a study of 17 pairs of duplicated genes in the tetraploid frog Xenopus laevis has shown that both copies were subject to purifying selection [ 9], contrary to the notion of neutrality of one of the copies [ 1].
Thus, the observation that purifying selection appears to act on all recent duplicates and examination of the functions of recently duplicated genes do not support the notion that gene duplication results in true functional redundancy and duplications may achieve fixation despite being redundant [ 26].
Protein-protein interactions form scale-free networks, which show the characteristic power-law distribution of the node degrees; simply put, there is a small number of highly connected proteins (hubs), whereas the majority have a small number of partners (the most abundant class are proteins that are involved in just one interaction) [ 13 14 ] . Scale-free networks are highly tolerant to error (elimination of nodes at random) but are vulnerable to attack, i.e. elimination of the hubs [ 15 ] and, indeed, it has been found that the most highly connected proteins in yeast interaction networks tend to be essential [ 13 ] . This might explain the present findings, namely that a small number of yeast protein-protein interaction hubs evolve slowly due to strong purifying selection, whereas, for the great majority of the proteins, there is no discernible connection between the number of interactions and evolutionary rates.
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