Words similar to pthrp
Example sentences for: pthrp
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The smad7 gene contains a perfect palindromic Smad binding element (GTCTAGAC) while the pai-1 and the pthrp promoters harbor AGAC tandem repeats [ 19 33 ] which binds Smad proteins less efficiently [ 34 ] . The upa gene contains only an AP1-binding site which resembles the Smad3/4-responsive AGAC motif [ 35 ] . A weaker binding site could require Smad3 to be present at higher concentrations for efficient binding and would make TGFβ-dependent transcription from a gene more vulnerable to reduced nuclear accumulation of the Smad3 protein.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and PTHrP are known target genes of TGFβ signalling.
It is clear that the smad7 gene expression is regulated by TGFβ in a Smad3/4-dependent manner [ 32 ] as it was found for the pthrp and the pai-1 gene [ 19 33 ] . However, the Smad3 responsive elements are different.
PTHrP Exon 2 forward 5' AGGAGGCGGTTAGCCCTG 3'
Evidence has been accumulated that TGFβ promotes late-stage tumorigenesis by stimulating angiogenesis and invasive behaviour of tumor cells, enhancing immunosuppression and supporting epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells [ 4 ] . Furthermore, TGFβ is believed to be part of a vicious circle in bone metastases as it gets released from osteoclast-degraded bone substance and subsequently stimulates PTHrP gene expression in nearby metastatic cancer cells which in turn leads to an activation of osteoclastic bone resorption [ 11 ] . Therefore, it is of great interest to understand in more detail the molecular aspects of TGFβ-mediated gene expression in metastatic breast cancer cells and to explore ways to interfere with this tumorigenic signalling.
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