Words similar to prl
Example sentences for: prl
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It has been suggested that perhaps cytoplasmic proteins are not exported in prl suppressor strains because they fold rapidly and escape recognition by SecB, while secretory proteins, even those lacking a signal sequence, fold more slowly, allowing time for SecB recognition and binding [ 5 13 ] . SecB binds to a variety of unfolded proteins in vitro [ 24 25 ] , although binding appears to be more selective in vivo [ 26 ] . This selectivity may be based on the slower folding characteristics of secretory proteins.
There were two reasonable explanations for this unexpected finding; 1) an unfolded state is not sufficient for SecB binding, or 2) SecB binding is not sufficient to promote export in a prl suppressor strain.
The signal sequence is crucial for efficient translocation; mutations in the signal sequence significantly reduce export of the preprotein and complete deletions of the signal sequence eliminate essentially all export [ 5 6 7 8 ] . Selection for extragenic suppressors of such export defective preproteins led to the identification of the prl alleles of secY ( prlA ), secE ( prlG ), secA ( prlD ), and more recently secG ( prlH ) [ 6 9 10 11 ] . Early hypotheses predicted that the Prl suppressors function by expanded or altered interactions with signal sequences, facilitating recognition of mutant as well as wild type signal sequences [ 6 ] .
Several groups of Arabidopsis mutants that are resistant to the inhibitory effects of high sugar concentrations have been isolated [ 46 47 48 49 50 ] . Characterization of these mutants reveals that the sis5 [ 46 ] , sun6 [ 50 ] , gin6 [ 49 ] and isi3 [ 45 ] mutants are allelic to the abscisic acid insensitive mutant abi4 [ 51 ] and the sis4 [ 46 ] , isi4 [ 45 ] and gin1 [ 45 ] mutants are allelic to the abscisic acid biosynthesis mutant aba2 [ 52 ] . In addition, the ethylene constitutive response mutant ctr1-1 [ 53 ] , as well as the ethylene-overproduction mutant eto1 [ 54 ] , display sugar-resistant phenotypes [ 48 ] . Conversely, the sugar-response mutant sis1 exhibits an ethylene constitutive response phenotype and is allelic to ctr1-1 [ 47 ] . The prl1 mutant, which exhibits increased sensitivity to exogenous sugars [ 55 56 ] , carries a mutation in a gene that encodes a WD protein that interacts with SNF1 protein kinases [ 57 ] .
Although prlA and prlG strains export secretory proteins that completely lack a signal sequence, there is no evidence of export of any cytoplasmic proteins in a prl suppressor strain [ 13 ] . That is, proteins that are supposed to remain in the cytoplasm are not mislocalized to the periplasm.
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