Words similar to pcd
Example sentences for: pcd
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It is probable that all normal cell death during development utilizes pathways of programmed cell death (PCD) [ 28].
Given the suggestion that an up-regulation of c-jun is a cause of PCD [ 15 16 ] , a reduction in c-jun activation by PPAR agonists should attenuate 25-OH-cholesterol induced cytotoxicity.
However, we have argued on the basis of results with ndr1 mutant plants that HR "triggering" in response to the avrRpt2 / RPS2 combination is weaker than that in response to avrB / RPM1 [ 4 ] . Weaker "triggering" results in a lower probability of individual cells undergoing PCD early in the HR, prior to the onset of potentiation caused by increased SA levels [ 4 12 ] . Signaling elicited by avrRpt2 clearly differs in many respects from that directed by the other avr genes.
This plasmid, called pCD1 [ 1 ] in Y. pestis , encodes for a type III secretion apparatus necessary for the translocation of effector proteins (Yops) into eukaryotic target cells [ 2 ] . The net result of this polarized toxin translocation is the disruption of eukaryotic cell signalling and structure [ 2 ] . Induction of the virulence-related genes on pCD1 is linked to an in vitro phenomenon termed the Low Calcium Response (LCR).
The HR occurs in response to infection with avirulent bacteria at levels of inoculum that cause a large percentage of leaf cells to undergo programmed cell death (PCD) [ 8 ] . In contrast to results with avrRpt2, P. syringae bacteria carrying the avirulence genes avrB , avrRpm1 , avrPphB or avrRps4 elicit an exaggerated HR relative to that on the wild-type Columbia parent [ 5 7 ] . In a study in which bacteria carrying avrB were chosen as a representative member of this class, in further contrast to results with avrRpt2 , these bacteria were capable of eliciting SAR and PR-1 induction on ndr1-1 mutant plants [ 4 ] .
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