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Example sentences for: non-specific
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In group A, 70 % of cases showed apoptotic cells in LP around the crypts as compared to 22 % in group B and 5 % in group C (p < 0.002) (Table 2K 4 ). Apoptosis in the surface epithelium did not show any significant difference between the three groups (Table 2K 1 ). Apoptotic bodies in LP adjacent to the surface epithelium were also non-specific and did not show significant difference between the three groups (Table 2K 3 ). An average 5.3 apoptotic cells per 10 HPF were observed in group A, in contrast to only 1.25 in group B and 1.42 in group C (p < 0.002, Wilcoxan Rank Sum Test) (Table 3).
The median or mean of a negative control group is regarded an adequate measure for non-specific hybridization [ 13 ] , however, due to low specificity (~50%) we conclude that neither thresholds should be used if maximum specificity is required.
An early study on DNA microarray hybridization found that hybridization was strongly dependent on the rate constants for DNA adsorption/desorption in the non-probe covered regions of the surface, the two-dimensional diffusion coefficient, and the size of probes and targets and also suggested that sparse probe coverage may provide results equal to or better than those obtained with a surface totally covered with DNA probes [ 19 ] . A theoretical analysis of the kinetics of DNA hybridization demonstrated that diffusion was important in determining the time of required to reach equilibrium and was proportional to the equilibrium binding constant and to the concentration of binding sites [ 20 ] . A recent theoretical and experimental analysis of competitive hybridization in a two-color system demonstrated the need for the hybridization kinetics of the two probes to be the same [ 21 ] . An elegant study on the use of hybridization kinetics to differentiate specific from non-specific binding was recently published [ 22 ] . This study found that the hybridization kinetics for specific and non-specific binding of labeled cRNA to surface-bound oligodeoxyribonucleotides were significantly different, with specific binding requiring longer to reach hybridization equilibrium than non-specific binding.
Non-specific hybridization is a characteristic of cDNA microarray hybridization and may be attributed to the uniform hybridization condition applied for all sequences on the chip [ 4 6 7 ] . The frequently used fold change threshold values of 2-3 to define a significant change are often arbitrarily chosen and do not take into account the statistical significance of absolute signal intensity.
After blocking non-specific binding sites with 3% BSA, 0.1% tween-20 in PBS, the coverslips were incubated with anti-HA (40 μg/ml) or anti-GFP antibody (40 μg/ml), rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Pierce, 1:200), biotin-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Vector Laboratories, 1:200), and streptavidin conjugated with either Alexa 488 or Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes, 1:200).
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