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Example sentences for: nmjs
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7), it may be labeling the presynaptic membrane, consistent with reports of PKCβ localization to the presynaptic terminals of NMJs [ 22 23 ] . PKCβ initially associates with the cytoskeleton [ 50 ] . Phosphorylation at two places on the kinase core is required first to activate PKC, and second to release it from its cytoskeletal anchorage.
PKA association with mitochondria has been well documented [ 38 39 40 41 42 ] . In mammalian sperm, it was found that nearly all RII-specific labeling was with mitochondria [ 43 ] . Furthermore, in bovine heart, PKA activity was detected in the matrix or the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane [ 44 45 ] . However, the work of Halestrap and coworkers provided little evidence for intramitochondrial protein phosphorylation by PKA, but gave some evidence for outer membrane phosphorylation, both integral and loosely bound proteins [ 46 47 48 ] . The localization of RIIα to the postsynaptic region beyond the postsynaptic membrane is consistent with part of the immunostaining of NMJs in the soleus muscle [ 18 ] , yet differs in part because there is no overlap with the bungarotoxin label; however, this is in agreement with another study [ 17 ] .
PKCβ was shown to localize to the presynaptic terminals of NMJs [ 22 23 ] , whereas PKCθ plays a postsynaptic role at the NMJ [ 24 ] . In skeletal muscle, PKCα was found in human muscle fibers [ 25 ] and with T-tubules in rabbit skeletal muscle [ 26 ] . However, it is unknown whether tethering to a PKC-anchoring protein mediates the localization to these compartments.
Only recently has the subcellular distribution of PKA at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and the adjacent muscle been systematically studied [ 17 18 ] . Imaizumi-Scherrer and colleagues demonstrated that RIα is localized at the NMJ [ 19 ] , but whether RI associates with a D-AKAP in this region of muscle is not known.
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