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Example sentences for: nmjs
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PKCβ was shown to localize to the presynaptic terminals of NMJs [ 22 23 ] , whereas PKCθ plays a postsynaptic role at the NMJ [ 24 ] . In skeletal muscle, PKCα was found in human muscle fibers [ 25 ] and with T-tubules in rabbit skeletal muscle [ 26 ] . However, it is unknown whether tethering to a PKC-anchoring protein mediates the localization to these compartments.
PKA association with mitochondria has been well documented [ 38 39 40 41 42 ] . In mammalian sperm, it was found that nearly all RII-specific labeling was with mitochondria [ 43 ] . Furthermore, in bovine heart, PKA activity was detected in the matrix or the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane [ 44 45 ] . However, the work of Halestrap and coworkers provided little evidence for intramitochondrial protein phosphorylation by PKA, but gave some evidence for outer membrane phosphorylation, both integral and loosely bound proteins [ 46 47 48 ] . The localization of RIIα to the postsynaptic region beyond the postsynaptic membrane is consistent with part of the immunostaining of NMJs in the soleus muscle [ 18 ] , yet differs in part because there is no overlap with the bungarotoxin label; however, this is in agreement with another study [ 17 ] .
Only recently has the subcellular distribution of PKA at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and the adjacent muscle been systematically studied [ 17 18 ] . Imaizumi-Scherrer and colleagues demonstrated that RIα is localized at the NMJ [ 19 ] , but whether RI associates with a D-AKAP in this region of muscle is not known.
7), it may be labeling the presynaptic membrane, consistent with reports of PKCβ localization to the presynaptic terminals of NMJs [ 22 23 ] . PKCβ initially associates with the cytoskeleton [ 50 ] . Phosphorylation at two places on the kinase core is required first to activate PKC, and second to release it from its cytoskeletal anchorage.
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