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Example sentences for: nad
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Organic phosphate compounds are the central metabolites of all biological systems [ 1 2 ] . Some are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, some like ATP and GTP, are additionally, cellular energy stores, others like cAMP or cGMP are messengers in signal transduction, and, yet others, such as FAD, NAD, thiamine phosphates and pyridoxal phosphate are cofactors for a range of enzymes [ 1 2 ] . Protein domains belonging to a relatively small set of structural folds are known to bind or catalyze reactions that utilize these organic phosphate compounds (see SCOP database: http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/) [ 3 4 ] . Several of these folds trace back to some of the earliest phases of the evolution of the protein world, and participate in a wide range of disparate biological functions in extant proteins [ 4 5 ] . Some folds, such as the P-loop fold, the Rossmann fold and the Hsp70-like fold, have been well studied, and comprise mainly of dedicated nucleotide binding or hydrolyzing proteins [ 6 7 8 9 ] . Others, such as the palm-domain, which is found in adenylyl cyclases and various nucleic acid polymerases, belong to more generalized protein folds that contain representatives with diverse biochemical activities [ 4 10 11 ] . Current availability of extensive genome sequence data, allows one to identify less numerous, nevertheless biological important organic phosphate-binding domains that may have previous eluded detection.
Western blots were performed as described previously [ 13 ] . For all other antibodies, rat intercostal muscle was excised and homogenized in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, with 20 mM Nad, 5 mM EDTA/EGTA, 0.5% Triton X-100, ImM DTT and protease inhibitors on ice.
Further analysis with the Fisher multiple comparison test found AD differed from ADSx and NAD, but ADSx and NAD were not significantly different (Fisher, AD-ADSx: p = 0.001, AD-NAD: p = 0.01, ADSx-NAD: p = 0.49).
DCIP, for example, couples directly with NADH or NADPH to form DCIPH 2 and NAD +or NADP +, making it an ideal electron transport chain indicator [ 15 ] . XTT has been used to measure microbial respiratory activity in complex natural environments [ 16 ] . Respiratory dyes have been used commercially for many years in the Biolog™ system to help identify pure cultures of microorganisms by their patterns of oxidation of multiple organic substrates [ 17 ] . Biolog™ also has been used to characterize oxidation capabilities of soil microbial communities [ 18 ] . Rodriquez, et al.
Additionally, the frdABCD gene products were essential for the anaerobic synthesis of the NAD cofactor.
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