Words similar to muscarinic
Example sentences for: muscarinic
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Muscarinic blockade with atropine decreased micturition pressure and micturition volume, while increasing residual volume [ 30 ] and bladder capacity [ 31 ] . Similarly, central administration of atropine decreased peak pressure and voiding efficiency while increasing bladder capacity in awake rats [ 32 ] . Thus it is possible that central and/or peripheral muscarinic blockade by olanzapine may have contributed to some of the changes observed in these parameters in the present study.
Clozapine is a widely used atypical neuroleptic with affinity for multiple receptors, including dopamine, serotonin, alpha adrenergic, muscarinic and histaminergic receptors [ 1 2 ] . Although clozapine is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia refractory to traditional antipsychotic medication, it also has a number of significant side effects ranging from the potentially fatal but rare agranulocytosis to weight gain, constipation, seizures and urinary incontinence [ 3 ] . Urinary problems have been reported in the clinical literature with incontinence present in up to 44% of patients [ 4 ] and enuresis in 27% of patients [ 5 ] . Since clozapine has potent anti-muscarinic and anti-alpha adrenergic effects [ 2 ] , it has been proposed that peripheral effects on the lower urinary tract might be responsible for the micturition disturbances [ 6 ] . Incontinence has also been reported following therapy with other atypical neuroleptics such as risperidone [ 7 8 9 ] and recently, olanzapine [ 10 ] .
In addition to the binding sites for natural or endogenous agonists (orthosteric sites), many GPCRs have also been found to have allosteric sites [ 35 ] . These sites can bind natural ligands, as in the case of Zn ions and heparin for the dopamine and neurokinin receptors, respectively, or bind synthetic drugs such gallamine, in the case of the muscarinic receptors [ 35 ] . Binding of small molecules to these allosteric sites can modulate activity of a receptor without directly mimicking or competing out the interaction of ligands to the orthosteric sites.
Muscarinic blockade was also reported to decrease the EUS EMG in all phases of the bladder contraction [ 33 ] . However, another study showed no effect on the EUS EMG following muscarinic antagonism [ 34 ] . Therefore, the exact role of muscarinic blockade on the activity of the EUS in the rat is unclear.
In terms of profile risperidone binds 5HT2A>>alpha1=H1>D2>alpha2 (Table 1 [ 12 16 ] ). Risperidone displays little or no affinity for the muscarinic receptor [ 11 12 16 ] and yet risperidone therapy has been associated with urinary incontinence (28% in some cases [ 17 18 19 ] ).
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