Words similar to muscarinic
Example sentences for: muscarinic
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Oocytes contain endogenous insulin and IGF-1 receptors [ 14 ] . They also have many of the proteins in the RAS and MAP kinase pathways, which have been implicated in cell cycle control and re-entry into meiosis [ 15 16 ] .. We expressed two GPCRs, a serotonin receptor (5-HT 2C ) and an M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptor.
A direct inhibitory action of olanzapine on the EUS muscle itself is not expected and was not seen with clozapine [ 7 ] . However, antimuscarinic effects alone cannot account for all of the effects of olanzapine on the EUS, since risperidone had a similar effect although not quite as pronounced and risperidone has little or no affinity for muscarinic receptors [ 16 ] . Therefore, antagonism of other transmitter systems, e.g.
Muscarinic blockade with atropine decreased micturition pressure and micturition volume, while increasing residual volume [ 30 ] and bladder capacity [ 31 ] . Similarly, central administration of atropine decreased peak pressure and voiding efficiency while increasing bladder capacity in awake rats [ 32 ] . Thus it is possible that central and/or peripheral muscarinic blockade by olanzapine may have contributed to some of the changes observed in these parameters in the present study.
Clozapine is a widely used atypical neuroleptic with affinity for multiple receptors, including dopamine, serotonin, alpha adrenergic, muscarinic and histaminergic receptors [ 1 2 ] . Although clozapine is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia refractory to traditional antipsychotic medication, it also has a number of significant side effects ranging from the potentially fatal but rare agranulocytosis to weight gain, constipation, seizures and urinary incontinence [ 3 ] . Urinary problems have been reported in the clinical literature with incontinence present in up to 44% of patients [ 4 ] and enuresis in 27% of patients [ 5 ] . Since clozapine has potent anti-muscarinic and anti-alpha adrenergic effects [ 2 ] , it has been proposed that peripheral effects on the lower urinary tract might be responsible for the micturition disturbances [ 6 ] . Incontinence has also been reported following therapy with other atypical neuroleptics such as risperidone [ 7 8 9 ] and recently, olanzapine [ 10 ] .
Casciola-Rosen and coworkers have proposed that modifications of autoantigens during cell death, particularly proteolytic cleavage, might be crucial for the generation of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases [ 23 37 ] . Unique proteolytic fragments of α-fodrin and type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have been implicated in the generation of autoantibody responses in primary Sjögren's syndrome [ 38 39 ] .
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